Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities

BENEFICIARY PARTICIPATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN MARSABIT COUNTY, KENYA

2026-02-01T03:21:40-06:00

This study assessed the effects of beneficiary participation on sustainability of development projects in Marsabit County, Kenya. The research was built on Arnstein's (1969) theory of participation and Ostrom's (1990) institutional analysis and development framework, which give priority to stakeholder engagement as essential for sustainable outcomes. The descriptive research design was employed in the study. Data collection involved both quantitative and qualitative methods with structured questionnaires and interviews being the main tools used. A pilot study involving 36 participants from a non-target community in Marsabit County was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the data collection instruments. Quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics to establish relationships between variables, while qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions were subjected to thematic analysis to extract patterns and themes. This mixed-methods approach allowed for a thorough understanding of how sustainability of the project meant for development influenced by the participation of intended beneficiaries in Marsabit County. The study found that the involvement of the beneficiaries is a vital precondition for the effective operation of development projects in Marsabit County, Kenya, throughout the entire period. The model used for prediction proved that the selected participatory factors are responsible for 54.8% of the sustainability variability, while each of the four dimensions was validated as statistically significant determinants. In particular, the empowerment mechanisms of skills training and genuine participation in decision-making are the major drivers for both the technical capability and the natural ownership that come about and are necessary for the project to last. Based on the findings, it is strongly recommended that development organizations and governmental agencies adopt a mandatory, capacity-driven approach to beneficiary participation, moving beyond mere consultation to formalized empowerment.

PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN COAST REGION TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION TRAINING INSTITUTIONS-KENYA

2026-02-19T19:25:34-06:00

This study studied the relationship between performance contracting and service delivery in public Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions under the national government in Kenya’s Coast Region. The research was anchored on four key components of performance contracting: goal setting, target communication, performance appraisal & monitoring and evaluation. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting all the 20 accredited public TVET institutions as of January 2023, with data collected from 80 senior staff of these TVET institutions. Each institution had 4 participants (Principal, Registrar, performance contracting coordinator and the finance officer). Data was collected using structured questionnaires and was administered through the drop and pick later method by trained research assistants. Once the questionnaires were received from the data collection exercise, they were entered into a statistical software in readiness for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 27, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation & multiple regression analysis, with robustness checks for reliability and validity. The study established that goal setting, target communication, performance appraisal & monitoring and evaluation significantly influenced service delivery in TVET institutions in the Coast Region, with respondents indicating that these practices were clearly defined, well aligned & consistently applied. The findings showed that structured performance contracting improved staff motivation, accountability & feedback processes, although limitations were observed in staff participation in goal formulation and in the linkage between appraisal outcomes and tangible rewards. The study concluded that effective implementation of performance contracting components enhanced overall institutional service delivery. It was recommended that TVET institutions strengthen inclusive goal-setting processes, improve the timeliness of feedback & reinforce the connection between performance appraisal results and reward systems to sustain performance improvements. Further research was recommended to investigate additional factors affecting service delivery, as performance contracting explained 58% (R² = 0.580) of the variation in institutional service delivery.

POLICY FRAMEWORKS, INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT, AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF ARTISANAL GEMSTONE MINING IN TAITA TAVETA COUNTY, KENYA

2026-02-22T17:33:03-06:00

Artisanal and small-scale gemstone mining (ASM) is a central economic activity in Taita Taveta County, Kenya, supporting thousands of households but simultaneously constrained by informality, weak governance structures, environmental degradation, and limited value addition. Although Kenya has enacted key governance instruments such as the Mining Act (2016) and the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999), persistent policy implementation gaps, fragmented institutional coordination, and inadequate technical capacity continue to impede sustainable sectoral transformation. Guided by Institutional Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, Evolutionary Governance Theory, and the Socio-Ecological Systems Framework, this study assessed the influence of policy frameworks, institutional support mechanisms, environmental and socio-economic impacts, and enforcement and coordination challenges on the sustainable management of artisanal gemstone mining in Taita Taveta County. A mixed-methods design was employed, incorporating surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and document analysis to generate comprehensive insights into the sector’s governance dynamics.The descriptive findings revealed that respondents held mixed perceptions regarding the adequacy and clarity of policy and legal frameworks, with neutrality dominating on enforcement effectiveness and policy-county alignment. Institutional support was perceived as inconsistent and insufficient, particularly in the areas of training, financial assistance, and environmental monitoring. Respondents strongly acknowledged the environmental impacts of ASM, noting land degradation, deforestation, and water contamination as major concerns. Socio-economic outcomes were viewed more positively, with mining recognized for improving income and employment, though access to finance and equitable benefit-sharing remained weak. Weak enforcement, corruption, overlapping mandates, and limited community awareness were identified as dominant coordination challenges. Inferential results further demonstrated that all four independent variables significantly influenced the Overall Perception of Sustainable Management. Policy and Legal Frameworks had the strongest positive effect (β = 0.347, p = 0.001), followed by Environmental & Socio-Economic Impacts (β = 0.338, p = 0.018), Socio-Economic Impacts alone (β = 0.279, p = 0.013), and Institutional Support Mechanisms (β = 0.196, p = 0.041). ANOVA results confirmed the model’s overall significance (F = 16.344, p = 0.000), indicating that the predictors jointly accounted for a substantial proportion of variance in sustainability perceptions. These findings suggest that sustainable ASM is contingent upon an integrated governance system that provides policy clarity, strengthens institutional capacities, safeguards the environment, enhances socio-economic outcomes, and ensures effective enforcement.The study concludes that strengthening the policy–practice nexus, improving institutional coordination, promoting environmental stewardship, and enhancing livelihood benefits are essential for achieving sustainable artisanal gemstone mining in Taita Taveta County. It recommends increased resourcing for regulatory agencies, community-centered governance, transparent benefit-sharing mechanisms, and stronger multi-stakeholder participation. By addressing structural barriers and leveraging existing governance instruments, the study contributes actionable insights for promoting an inclusive, environmentally responsible, and economically beneficial ASM sector in Kenya.

NGO’S EFFECTIVENESS IN PEACEBUILDING INITIATIVES IN MANDERA SOUTH SUB COUNTY

2026-03-08T06:17:46-05:00

The study sought to establish NGO’s effectiveness in peace-building initiatives in Mandera South Sub County. This study was based in Mandera South Sub County-Mandera County as it is in one of the conflict prone areas, the area has a number NGOs addressing conflict in the area. The research was anchored on three theoretical frameworks namely: To gain a greater grasp of the topic, conflict theories and social capital theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the target population included the local administration, NGO officials, community beneficiaries and human rights specialists sampled via purposive sampling technique. The data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The research instruments were pretested to ascertain validity and reliability in Isiolo County. The researcher employed the use of Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients to test for where a constant of 0.75 and above was taken as an indication of good reliability for the instrument. The study revealed that the NGO operating environment has a substantial impact on peacebuilding in Mandera South Sub County. Key factors affecting NGOs include porous borders, the geographical remoteness of the area, the trade of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in neighboring countries, and the presence of organized ethnic militias. Donor policies should be reformed to streamline funding guidelines, allowing greater flexibility for context-specific interventions and reducing bureaucratic burdens on NGOs. To control the proliferation of small arms, the government should strengthen border controls, enforce stricter firearm regulations, and work closely with regional bodies to combat cross-border arms trafficking. Additionally, enhancing the operating environment for NGOs requires improved security and stronger political support, achieved through multi-stakeholder collaboration involving government, communities, and international partners. The study comprehended longitudinal studies assessing the long-term impact of NGO-led peace education and sports initiatives on community cohesion.

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS AND RETENTION OF LEGAL STAFF AT THE OFFICE OF DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS, KENYA

2026-02-22T17:35:37-06:00

This study examined the impact of workers benefits on legal staff retention in the ODPP on the morale of employees, intentions to leave, engagement, and teamwork. This study espoused a descriptive research design to analyze the relationship between workers benefits and legal staff retention. The deprived people included 851 legal officers at ODPP: 398 Prosecution Counsels, 315 Senior Prosecutors, and 138 General Legal Officers. Stratified random sampling was employed to establish equal representation with regard to different experience levels, jobs, and workstations, leading to a sample of 272 respondents. Data was gathered using structured questionnaires and interviews, which shed both quantitative and qualitative light on the effect of workers benefits on legal staff retention. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as means, percentages, and frequencies, while SPSS evaluated the relationship between workers benefits and retention. The qualitative data from the interviews were analyzed thematically, coding the responses into themes that are in accordance with the study objectives. The study sought to generate insights on the role of workers benefits in enhancing legal staff retention at ODPP and make policy recommendations regarding the improvement of such benefits in Kenya's public legal sector. The study findings concluded that employee benefits comprising financial provisions, career growth opportunities, work-life balance initiatives, and job security coupled with recognition programs have a strong, positive, and statistically significant influence on the retention of legal staff. The collective effect of these non-monetary and monetary factors successfully explains the vast majority of the staff's intention to remain employed at the ODPP. The study recommended that the ODPP should adopt a targeted Total Rewards strategy, prioritizing Employee Work-Life Balance and Financial Benefits as the core levers for retention improvement. Specifically, this involves formalizing flexible work arrangements and reducing excessive workload demands to enhance staff well-being, coupled with a deliberate effort to increase allowances and review salary scales to ensure they adequately meet the rising cost of living for legal professionals.

BENEFITS MANAGEMENT AND MOTIVATION OF COUNTY GOVERNMENT MANAGERIAL STAFF IN MANDERA COUNTY, KENYA

2026-03-01T23:00:14-06:00

This research ascertained the connection between benefits management and the motivation of county government managerial staff in Mandera County, Kenya. The research employed a descriptive survey research design and targeted all 86 managerial staff working in the county government of Mandera through a census approach. Data collection was conducted utilizing a structured questionnaire designed to capture relevant information on benefits management and staff motivation. Obtained data was analyzed utilizing both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The SPSS was utilized for data analysis. Regression analysis was done to establish the effect of various benefits management strategies on employee motivation. It is anticipated that the study's conclusions would offer insightful information to policy-makers and county government administrators in designing effective benefits management strategies to enhance the motivation and performance of managerial staff in Mandera County. The study came to the conclusion that the total rewards package that combines all aspects offered by the Mandera County government consisting of salaries, bonuses, retirement provisions, and medical insurance is a strong and dependable indicator of the motivation of managerial staff. This conclusion is reached after thorough statistical analysis which involved multiple linear regression. The null hypothesis that stated there is no effect of the benefits package on motivation that is significant from the statistical viewpoint is now firmly rejected. The analysis by the statistical method not only reveals that there is a big and a significant relationship but also states that these four elements make a large part of the variability in motivation levels of the management team. The research recommended that the County Government of Mandera has to take the performance-based reward system of the county to the next level by giving it the utmost priority. The psychological impact of the compensatory package on the employees should be the main concern of the county government. The absolute level of the salary package is one thing, but the employees' discontent with the fairness of the process of determining the increases undermines trust and creates internal equity issues; therefore, the county must develop a fully transparent and consistently applied metrics that will connect individual managerial performance to tangible financial outcomes.

ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY ON HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA

2026-03-07T18:48:41-06:00

Teenage pregnancy poses significant socio-economic challenges in Rwanda, particularly within Bugesera Teenage pregnancy poses significant socio-economic challenges in Rwanda, particularly within Bugesera District, where it constrains human capital development. This study assesses the economic implications of adolescent pregnancy on educational attainment, employment, income, and household welfare. Employing a case-control mixed-methods design, the research combines primary quantitative data from 100 adolescents (50 adolescent mothers and 50 non-pregnant peers matched by age and location) and qualitative insights from 10 key informants with secondary national statistics for contextualization. Results indicate that teenage pregnancy severely disrupts human capital accumulation. Descriptive statistics reveal a 70% school dropout rate among adolescent mothers compared to 5% in the control group, and 82% unemployment among respondents versus 15% in the control group. Inferential analysis using multiple regression confirms that teenage pregnancy has a significant negative effect on human capital development (β = -0.43, p < 0.001), mediated by educational disruption, limited employment opportunities, and household economic strain. The model explains 68% of the variance in human capital outcomes (R² = 0.68). Qualitative findings triangulate these statistics, highlighting stigma, childcare responsibilities, and lack of vocational support as key barriers. The study concludes that addressing teenage pregnancy requires integrated interventions, including reproductive health services, policies supporting school re-entry, and vocational training. These findings provide evidence-based insights for policy reforms aimed at enhancing human capital and promoting sustainable socio-economic development in Rwanda.

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF LAIKIPIA, KENYA

2026-03-15T06:50:31-05:00

This study aimed investigated how different styles of leadership relate with employee engagement levels in Laikipia County. The research sought to assess how transformational leadership, transactional leadership ,participative leadership and servant leadership impacts employee engagement, and analyze the overall effect of leadership styles on employee engagement and service delivery in the County Government of Laikipia. The research was grounded in Situational Leadership Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory, and Servant Leadership Theory as its theoretical framework. The study adopted a descriptive survey design to examine all employees within the Laikipia County Government, various departments. The study targeted 3,580 employees, with a sample size of 360 determined using Yamane’s formula. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure equal representation from different departments. Data was collected using Likert-scale questionnaires distributed to employees across departments. Descriptive statistics, in combination with regression analysis, were used to analyze the data, and the findings presented in tables and figures to support the research objectives. The descriptive results revealed varying levels of agreement, neutrality and disagreement regarding the different items assessing each variable. The regression results revealed that leadership styles comprising of transformational, participative and servant leadership positively and significantly affects employee engagement in Laikipia County Government. Transactional leadership style had a positive but insignificant effect on employee engagement. The study concluded that enhancing aspects of leadership styles in the operations of the county government of Laikipia leads to enhanced levels of employee engagement. The study recommends that the County Government of Laikipia enhance employee engagement by strengthening transformational, transactional, and participative leadership through mentorship programs, inclusive decision-making, transparent rewards, and open communication.

IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA

2026-03-31T23:18:46-05:00

Despite increased policy attention toward Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Kenya, young women in Garissa County continue to face challenges in accessing quality training and acquiring market-relevant skills. TVET institutions in the county still experience constraints related to curriculum relevance, instructor preparedness, technological limitations, and weak collaboration with industry, which affect the effectiveness of skills development outcomes. The aim was to examine how curriculum alignment, instructor competence, technological integration, and industrial collaboration influence skills development among young women in Garissa County, Kenya. The study investigated the role of TVET implementation as a strategic pathway for enhancing employability, job readiness, and economic empowerment among female graduates in a marginalized region. The study employed a descriptive research design targeting female graduates from TVET institutions in Garissa County. Simple random sampling was applied to select 194 respondents from a target population of 378 young women who completed their TVET training between 2020 and 2024. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and the instruments were reviewed for validity and pilot tested in Wajir County to ensure clarity and reliability. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically to capture participants’ perspectives on the implementation of TVET and its contribution to skills development. The findings collectively show that TVET implementation in Garissa County is moderately effective, with curriculum alignment emerging as the strongest predictor of skills development, followed by instructor competence, technological integration, and industrial collaboration. The study contributes new empirical evidence from a marginalized region by demonstrating how these implementation dimensions jointly influence skills development among young women. Strengthening curriculum review, enhancing instructor professional development, improving access to technological infrastructure, and formalizing industry partnerships were identified as key measures necessary to improve skills acquisition, employability, and economic empowerment among young women in Garissa County.

AN EVALUATION OF PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF FUNDED PROJECTS IN KENYA

2026-04-12T19:29:01-05:00

Funded projects play a critical role in driving socio-economic development, yet many experience challenges related to planning, funding, risk management, and managerial practices that undermine their performance. The examinination of the impact of project management practices on the performance of funded projects in Kenya, with a focus on project planning, project funding, and project risk management. Guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV), Contingency Theory, and the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) framework was done. The focus was on how project risk management affect performance of funded projects in Kenya. Descriptive research design was applied, targeting project managers, donors, and key stakeholders involved in government- and donor-funded initiatives across Kenya. The target population consisted of funded projects implemented between 2018 and 2024, with a sample of SGR project determined through census to ensure representation across sectors such as engineers, chinese maintanance department.environmental department,architectures,risk mitigation department and finance departments as well as communications and public affair. Data was collected through structured and semi-structured questionnaires aligned to variables. Data was analzed both descriptive statistics and inferential techniques to determine the effect of each independent variable on project performance. The discoveries were that the project scope was said to be flexible enough and accommodated the changes as the project progressed. Various types of risks were experienced during planning and implementation phases of the SGR project which included included financial risks of delayed disbursements, phased implementations which prolonged the implementation process, compensation frameworks, heavy rains, technical risks and health hazards.Project management tools and methodologies substantially enhances the success of project implementation.It was confirmed that utilizing a project management methodology may mitigate the expenditure of time and resources on inconsequential tasks.Risk management framework was found crucial. Besides these factors ,there are many more factors that also affect the performance of related projects hence further studies should be conducted.

NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION COMMISSION GROUND SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUES AND HATE SPEECH REGULATIONS IN POLITICAL RALLIES

2026-04-15T18:22:21-05:00

Hate speech remains a serious challenge to democratic governance, social cohesion, and the rule of law, particularly in ethnically diverse societies such as Kenya. Although the National Cohesion and Integration Commission was established under the National Cohesion and Integration Act (2008) to regulate hate speech and promote national unity, enforcement outcomes have remained inconsistent, especially during political rallies. This study examined the influence of ground surveillance techniques employed by the National Cohesion and Integration Commission in regulating hate speech during political rallies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Social Responsibility Theory and Institutional Theory, which provided a framework for understanding the ethical regulation of communication and institutional enforcement dynamics. A descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted key officials from the National Cohesion and Integration Commission, the Directorate of Criminal Investigations, Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, Communications Authority of Kenya, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, and experts in peace and conflict resolution. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 26 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that ground surveillance techniques had a statistically significant positive influence on the implementation of hate speech regulation during political rallies. Ground surveillance was found to be a strong predictor of effective hate speech regulation, contributing to improved evidence collection, increased enforcement effectiveness, and strengthened regulatory outcomes. The study concluded that ground surveillance is a critical investigative tool in regulating hate speech during political rallies and recommends strengthening institutional capacity, technological support, and inter-agency coordination to enhance surveillance effectiveness.

STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND YOUTH ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT FUND

2026-04-19T13:52:18-05:00

Youth empowerment is a critical and a noble course at the global, regional, and local level aimed to improve the livelihood of the youths. Kenya, as one of the countries that embrace youth empowerment, has created structures, including the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) to propel youth empowerment across regions, but the success of such a structure depends on strategic management practices. The present research aims at investigating the relationship between strategic management practices and youth empowerment on youth enterprise development fund (YEDF) in Kirinyaga County. The objective is to examine the influence of strategic risk management practices on Youth Enterprise Development Fund on youth empowerment in Kirinyaga County. The study is guided by various theoretical frameworks, including Theory of Strategic Management, The Empowerment Theory. The descriptive research design was used to achieve the aim of the study. A purposive sample of 70 participants (10 YEDF staff, 10 representatives of the partners and 50 youth representatives) was identified to be interviewed in-depth in relation to the study objectives. Thematic analysis found out that risk management influence youth enterprise fund and positively affect the youth empowerment. The study concluded that risk management should be put consideration.

TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND CASE MANAGEMENT IN THE MILIMANI LAW COURTS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-04-19T19:07:55-05:00

The administration of justice stands as a fundamental pillar of any democratic society, with its effectiveness essential in upholding the rule of law. In recent times, the judiciary of Kenya, especially the Milimani Law Courts in Nairobi, embraced various digital technologies to enhance case management. This study critically examined the effects of technology adoption, namely e-filing systems, virtual hearings, and case tracking systems, on case management efficiency within the Milimani Law Courts. Grounded in established frameworks such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Diffusion of Innovations Theory, this research assessed how these technological innovations promoted transparency, reduced delays, and streamlined court operations. Employing a descriptive research design, the study focused on 300 judicial stakeholders, including judges, clerks, ICT personnel, and legal practitioners. Using Yamane's formula, a sample of 75 respondents was obtained through stratified random sampling. Primary data were gathered via semi-structured questionnaires, and secondary data were sourced from judicial performance reports. The analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying descriptive and inferential statistics like regression and correlation analysis. Findings from existing literature revealed that e-filing significantly boosted accessibility and cost efficiency, virtual hearings alleviated logistical challenges and fostered inclusivity, and tracking systems enhanced case monitoring and accountability. Nonetheless, issues such as infrastructural limitations, user resistance, and data security concerns remained pressing. Furthermore, ethical considerations, including digital equity, data privacy, and user trust, were thoroughly scrutinized. This study has substantial implications for policymakers, advocates of judicial reform, and academics by providing actionable insights to advance digital transformation within Kenya's judiciary. The outcomes guide institutional reforms in Milimani and present a replicable framework for other courts in the East African region aspiring to modernize their judicial processes through technology.

REMOTE WORKING AND PERFORMANCE OF DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA

2026-04-20T20:17:53-05:00

Remote working has moved from an emergency response during the COVID-19 period to a more durable feature of organizational life. In Kenya, however, evidence on how this shift relates to the performance of employees in devolved governments remains limited. This article draws on a survey of employees in the County Government of Machakos to examine the relationship between remote working and employee performance, with particular attention to accountability, supervision, output efficiency, and support services. The study was anchored in Conservation of Resources theory and Self-Efficacy theory. A descriptive mixed-methods design was adopted. The target population comprised 244 employees at the county headquarters who had opportunities to work remotely, and 174 completed questionnaires were returned, yielding a response rate of 71.31%. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple regression as reported in the source thesis, while qualitative comments were used to support interpretation. The findings show that respondents generally perceived remote working positively, with favorable ratings for flexibility, employee performance, accountability, supervision, and output efficiency. Support services recorded the lowest mean and the highest variability, suggesting uneven access to technical, training, and wellbeing support. Correlation results show a modest positive association between remote working and employee performance (r = 0.202). The strongest descriptive dimension was output efficiency, although it showed a negative correlation with overall employee performance (r = -0.156), pointing to possible coordination or teamwork costs. The article concludes that remote working can support performance in devolved government settings when it is backed by clear accountability structures, supportive supervision, and reliable support services.

FINANCIAL ALLOCATION AND HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY IN LAIKIPIA COUNTY, KENYA

2026-04-28T12:00:49-05:00

The County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) is a strategy framework for resource allocation, policy implementation, and service delivery in Kenya's devolved governance system. The study assessed the effects of financial allocation on health service delivery. the study was founded on the Resource-Based View theory. The study was carried out using a descriptive survey design where data collection and analysis methods included both qualitative and quantitative. From a target demographic of 800, 260 respondents were sampled for a survey using stratified, simple random, convenience, and purposive sampling methods. Questionnaires were administered to doctors, nurses, and clinical officers while interviews done for service recipients, caregivers, administrators, and directors in the Laikipia County health facilities besides and CECs. Data was summarized using means, percentages, standard deviations, and frequencies, while regression analysis used for inferential statistics. Thematic analysis was used to examine qualitative data. The study’s findings established a positive significant relationship between financial allocation (r=0.853) and health service delivery. The research showed that timely and adequate financial allocation has significant effect on the quality of health service delivery results for Laikipia County. The study suggested timely release of funds for health services as well development of spending monitoring systems to enhance accountability.

EFFECT OF THE PROLIFERATION OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS ON INSECURITY IN THE KERIO VALLEY REGION, KENYA

2026-04-28T20:34:51-05:00

The Kerio Valley region in Kenya continues to experience persistent insecurity characterized by banditry, loss of life, displacement, and destruction of livelihoods. Despite various security interventions, insecurity remains widespread due to structural and institutional challenges. While previous studies have examined multiple determinants of insecurity, limited empirical attention has focused on the role of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in shaping insecurity outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons on insecurity in the Kerio Valley region, Kenya. This study was anchored on Resource Conflict Theory and Rational Choice Theory, which explain how access to weapons intensifies competition over scarce resources and increases the likelihood of engaging in violent activities. The study adopted a descriptive survey design targeting 692 respondents drawn from security agencies, community members, and institutional stakeholders. A sample size of 253 respondents was determined using Yamane’s (1967) formula and selected through purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis, while qualitative data from open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and insecurity (β ≈ .780, p < .05), with SALW proliferation explaining approximately 60% of the variation in insecurity (R² ≈ .600). The study concludes that the proliferation of small arms and light weapons is a significant predictor of insecurity in the Kerio Valley region. The study recommends strengthening disarmament initiatives, enhancing border control, improving inter-agency coordination, and promoting community-based security approaches to effectively address insecurity.

TRAINING AND STAFF PRODUCTIVITY IN BOMET COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-02T23:42:22-05:00

The study explored the relationship between training and productivity in the devolved government of Bomet County. Goal Setting Theory and Human Capital Theory were the theoretical framework. The research used a mixed-method approach allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between training and staff productivity. Data derived from a population of 3,201 public servants spanning diverse departments within Bomet County, for which a sample size of 343 participants was selected using Cochran's formula for finite populations. Data collection tools were a semi-structured questionnaire aimed at collecting both qualitative and quantitative data levels. Quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistics analysis comprising means and standard deviations, whereas inferential analysis through linear regression was carried out to test the significance of training on productivity. Thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data to enrich understanding of employee experiences of training and their perceptions of its impact on productivity. The study demonstrated that Bomet County staff productivity receives substantial enhancement through multiple human resource development methods which organizations implement. The workforce possesses excellent capacity for development because most employees believe that actual work experience and structured educational programs help them succeed in their job responsibilities. The study further concluded that there is no significant relation between formal training, on-the-job training, external training, training frequency and worker performance. The statistical rejection of all null hypotheses proves that formal training, on-the-job training, external training, and training frequency all contribute essential benefits that improve worker performance.

TEACHER PREPAREDNESS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPETENCY BASED CURRICULUM IN JUNIOR SCHOOLS IN MARSABIT COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-06T19:35:26-05:00

The Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) implementation in Kenyan Junior Secondary Schools (JSS) represents a major educational transformation because it replaces traditional content-based teaching methods with a system that prioritizes student competencies and the development of practical abilities. The study investigated how teacher preparedness in terms of teacher training, teaching resources, teachers' lesson planning practices and teachers' professional development programs impacts CBC implementation in Marsabit County Junior Secondary Schools. The study used Curriculum Implementation Theory and Constructivism Theory as its foundational research framework. The researchers used a descriptive study design, which focused on 362 teachers and five education directors who worked to implement the CBC in Junior Schools (JSS) across Marsabit County. The study involved 198 respondents who provided data through structured questionnaires and interview guides. The researchers used structured questionnaires and an interview guide to collect primary data. The researchers analyzed questionnaire data through descriptive and inferential statistics. The researchers used thematic analysis to examine all interview responses that school administrators provided. The study found that teachers have succeeded in adopting learner-centered teaching methods, and they worked hard to create their lesson plans, while they face multiple administrative duties and lack vital physical and digital resources. The strong predictive power of lesson planning and initial training shows that the teaching workforce needs to handle all curriculum operational needs, because government organizations fail to provide sufficient teaching materials and ongoing training support. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education and the Teachers Service Commission implement a mentorship program that starts in schools and clusters instead of their current training method, which requires all educators to attend single training events.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND SERVICE DELIVERY AMONG PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICE PROVIDERS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-07T23:17:00-05:00

Private security firms play an important role in protecting people, property, and businesses in Kenya. To improve professionalism and accountability in the sector, the government introduced the Private Security Regulation Act of 2016. The Act requires private security providers to follow key rules, including mandatory guard training, official registration of personnel, and compliance with data protection requirements. The objective of this study was to examine how training requirements, registration requirements, and data protection requirements influence service delivery among private security service providers in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by Human Capital Theory, which explains that investing in workers through training and skills development improves their discipline, communication, productivity, and overall performance. The study used a descriptive survey research design. The target population included private security guards, supervisors, managers, union representatives, and regulatory officials involved in the private security sector in Nairobi City County. Data were collected using questionnaires and structured interview guides. The findings were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study found that mandatory training improved guard skills, discipline, communication, and response to security incidents. Registration requirements also helped improve accountability because they made it easier to track personnel and hold firms responsible. Data protection requirements improved client trust, especially where firms handled visitor records, CCTV information, and other personal data carefully. However, the study also found that smaller firms struggled with high compliance costs, bureaucracy, limited technical skills, and weak support systems. The study concluded that the regulatory framework can improve service delivery, but stronger enforcement and more support for smaller firms are needed for the law to have a greater impact in Nairobi City County.

THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES IN THE CONSERVATION OF MAASAI MARA NATIONAL RESERVE, KENYA

2026-05-08T19:42:00-05:00

The conservation of National Reserves across the globe is a tourist policy priority, aimed at ensuring the sustainability of biodiversity. In Kenya, the areas have been gazetted as protected; however, despite the recent legal frameworks, little is known about the utilization of the social and cultural knowledge and leadership of the local communities in conservation of the reserves, the Maasai Mara being one of them. This study, therefore, sought to examine the role of socio-cultural practices in the conservation of Maasai Mara National Reserve, in Narok County, Kenya. The study was guided by the descriptive research design, and data were collected using questionnaires. A sample size of 200 was used. A pilot study was carried out in the Mara Siana Conservancy. The collected data was supported by secondary data. Research authorization was sought from Kenyatta University, and a research permit from NACOSTI. Anonymity and confidentiality were adhered to. Results indicated that there is a positive correlation between socio-cultural practices and conservation of the Maasai Mara National Reserve. These practices included the incorporation of the Maasai cultural traditions in conservation, the utilization of traditional leadership, and the practice of cultural tourism.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED MICROFINANCE BANKS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-11T19:18:15-05:00

Microfinance serves as a vital tool for improving the economic activities of low-income populations and exterminating poverty. However, the deteriorating performance of microfinance banks in Nairobi County is heavily linked to the poor output of their employees. Therefore, this research explored the influence of cultural diversity on employee performance. The study was underpinned by Blau's Theory of Heterogeneity, Equity theory, and Social Identity Theory. A descriptive research design targeted a population of 208 managers from various departments across fourteen microfinance banks. Utilizing a stratified proportionate random sampling technique, a sample of 137 respondents was generated to provide primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. The data was subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The findings revealed that cultural diversity had a significant positive impact on employee performance with a standardized beta of 0.460 and a significance value of 0.015. The research concluded that cultural diversity plays a major role in increasing employee performance. Consequently, microfinance banks should institutionalize cultural inclusion initiatives to guarantee fair recruitment.

MENTAL WELLNESS AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS IN KENYA

2026-05-11T19:19:16-05:00

Employee mental wellness is a key factor influencing productivity, efficiency, motivation, and organizational performance. In constitutional commissions such as the Parliamentary Service Commission (PSC) in Kenya, employees work under pressure caused by legislative deadlines, administrative demands, public accountability, and political influences. Although mental wellness is important, limited research has examined how it affects employee performance within the PSC. This study therefore assessed the effect of mental wellness on employee performance in constitutional commissions in Kenya, using the PSC as a case study. It focused on workplace stress management strategies, employee mental health support systems, and work-life balance policies. The study adopted a descriptive research design to provide a clear understanding of the relationship between mental wellness and employee performance. The target population consisted of 1,860 PSC employees, from which a sample of 278 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to junior staff and interview guides used with senior management. A pilot study was conducted at the National Gender and Equality Commission, involving 28 respondents, to test the validity and reliability of the research instruments. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The study found that mental wellness significantly affects employee performance at the PSC. Workplace stress management strategies, mental health support systems, and work-life balance policies positively influenced employee productivity, motivation, and work efficiency. Mental health support systems had the strongest influence. The study recommends that the PSC strengthen stress management training, counselling services, workload management, employee assistance programs, and mental health awareness campaigns to create a supportive workplace where employees can seek psychological support without fear of stigma.

POLICY REFORMS AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION FOR EARLY LEARNERS IN KILIFI COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-11T19:57:20-05:00

The disability assessment reforms in Kenya sought to streamline the identification, classification, placement and enrolment of children with disability. But the extent of implementation of the assessment reforms is unclear, inconsistent and under-resourced, which has an effect on inclusivity in education for early learners. Inclusive education is also hindered by retrogressive cultural practices, stigma and high poverty rates in Kilifi County, hence the need for the reforms. Thus, the focus was on policy reforms as a means of improving inclusivity in education. The study’s theoretical underpinning was the zone of proximal development and ecological systems theory of human development. A mixed research approach was adopted and the targeted populace consisted 6 special needs education director/assistant directors, 38 managers and officers in the educational assessment and resource centers: 19 county officials in-charge of early childhood education, 3 PwDs council members and 7 principals of the schools providing inclusive education in Kilifi County. 87.5% of the questionnaires were filled and returned and 66.7% of the interviewees were conducted. Analysis showed that policy reforms had a great predictor effect to inclusive education, and the relationship between the variables was both positive and significant. The paper concludes that policy reforms including inclusion of non-discriminatory and education for all policies enhanced conduction of disability assessment for children. This led to improved placement and enrolment of children with disabilities in inclusive school system. The study recommended the harmonization of disability and education policies to meet the agenda of education for all.

EFFECTIVENESS OF FOOT PATROLS AS A POLICE PRESENCE STRATEGY IN CRIME DETERRENCE WITHIN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-15T21:13:09-05:00

Police presence is a key pillar of law enforcement because it helps prevent crime, maintain public order, and build community trust. This study examined the effectiveness of foot patrols as a police presence strategy in deterring crime in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by Crime Deterrence Theory and Routine Activity Theory and adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population included general duty police officers stationed in Nairobi County, National Government Administration Officers, Community Policing officials, Business Community officials, and Nairobi residents’ association officials. Purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques were used. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and key informant interview guides. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, with descriptive statistics summarizing respondents’ perceptions and inferential statistics examining effectiveness of foot patrols as a police presence strategy in crime deterrence. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to capture views on effectiveness, operational challenges, and improvement measures. The findings showed that foot patrols explained 31.6 percent of crime deterrence, indicating a strong perceived effect on crime reduction in Nairobi City County. Foot patrols were especially effective in crowded and high-risk areas because they increased police visibility, enabled direct interaction with residents, and improved informal surveillance. They were useful in deterring street-level crimes such as robbery, mugging, pickpocketing, phone snatching, drug peddling, and street harassment. Key challenges included limited resources, workforce shortages, irregular deployment, weak supervision, and poor police-community relations. The study recommends strengthening foot patrol deployment in crime hotspots, markets, transport centres, residential estates, informal settlements, and evening crime-prone areas.

COMMUNITY STRATEGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE RUSTLING TRANSFORMATIONS IN BARINGO COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-17T02:52:15-05:00

This study sought to analyse the effectiveness of community-based strategies in managing cattle rustling transformations in Baringo County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to examine influence of community policing adjustments in managing cattle rustling transformations in Baringo County; to assess community awareness programs adopted and their influence in managing cattle rustling transformations Baringo County; and to evaluate community-based surveillance programs and their influence in managing cattle rustling transformations in Baringo County. This study was anchored on situational crime prevention theory. The study employed a descriptive survey design using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was a study based on household heads, local chiefs and political leadership and a sample size of 398 respondents. The study respondents were selected by use of stratified purposive sampling and random sampling methods. The use of semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides as instruments was used to collect data. Statistical analysis (descriptive) and thematic analysis was used to analyse the quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The research revealed that cattle rustling in Baringo County had evolved beyond being a cultural activity to being a militarized, money making enterprise perpetuated by economic interests, urban demand, political patronage and unemployment among youths. Although community policing, awareness programs, and indigenous surveillance strategies played a positive role in enhancing vigilance and promoting reconciliation, their usefulness was hindered by a lack of resources, advanced weaponry, political interference, and infrastructural barriers. The research determined that community policing, awareness campaigns, and surveillance systems play the leading role in addressing cattle rustling transformation in Baringo County, and each has a significant potential in ensuring that security, social cohesion and vigilance are enhanced. Nonetheless, their performance was limited by systemic issues, and it is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of institutional support, outreach, and integration of indigenous practices with context-sensitive contemporary interventions. The research proposes a need to increase the government support on community policing, institutionalization of the awareness programme through the continuous sensitization and strengthening of the surveillance systems through integration of the indigenous practices with the flexible technologies, all anchored on the sustained institutional resourcing and coordinated community-state alliances.

TAX BURDEN RATIO AS A KEY DRIVER OF BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF LIQUOR MANUFACTURERS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-24T19:45:16-05:00

The business performance of liquor manufacturers faces a major challenge brought about by taxation policies that, due to higher excise taxes, higher tax duties on ethanol, and a complex business regulatory environment, have contributed to the proliferation of counterfeit and illicit alcoholic beverages, hence significantly affecting business performance. The study seeks to examine tax burden ratio as a key driver of business performance of liquor manufacturers in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was grounded on institutional theory. The study was underpinned by pragmatist philosophy and with an explanatory research design. The study gathered primary data quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Interviews with open questions captured qualitative data. Expert review checked validity; Cronbach’s alpha tested reliability. A census guided respondent selection. Quantitative data came from 164 liquor‑firm participants. Qualitative data were gathered from the chief executive officer or the topmost senior employee of 19 firms and 4 members of the secretariat of the Alcohol Beverages Association of Kenya. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression. Results showed tax burden ratio had significant effects on business performance. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically through coding, theme development, and narration. Approval came from Kenyatta University and NACOSTI before data collection. The study followed ethics and safeguarded all respondents. The study therefore concluded that tax burden ratio was critical to the performance of liquor manufacturers; however, these are considered holistically to ensure that all effects are addressed effectively. The research recommended that policymakers should improve the predictability of taxation policies to lessen the tax burden thereby creating an enabling environment for effective business performance.

PREDICTABLE TAX SYSTEMS: A KEY DRIVER OF BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN LIQUOR MANUFACTURERS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-05-24T19:46:24-05:00

There are notable challenge faced by liquor manufacturers in Kenya in the instability and unpredictability of tax policies. KAM reports that fluid policies create business distortions that hurt business competitiveness and profitability. This study examined how predictable tax systems are drivers of business performance in liquor manufacturers in Nairobi city county in Kenya. The study was grounded on institutional theory. The study was underpinned by pragmatist philosophy and with an explanatory research design. The study gathered primary data quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Interviews with open questions captured qualitative data. Expert review checked validity; Cronbach’s alpha tested reliability. A census guided respondent selection. Quantitative data came from 164 liquor‑firm participants. Qualitative data were gathered from the chief executive officer or the topmost senior employee of 19 firms and 4 members of the secretariat of the Alcohol Beverages Association of Kenya. Data were analyzed with descriptive stats, correlation, and regression. Results showed that predictable tax systems (p = 0.001) was significant in driving business performance. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically through coding, theme development, and narration. The triangulated data showed that CEOs and ABAK officials agreed with most of the quantitative findings that the predictability of tax systems is a critical policy issue through which other taxation policies affect business performance. The study therefore concluded that predictable tax systems are critical to the performance of liquor manufacturers; however, these are considered holistically to ensure that all effects are addressed effectively. The research recommends that policymakers should improve the predictability of taxation policies to lessen the tax burden, improve compliance, and facilitate efficient resolutions of tax disputes, thereby creating an enabling environment for effective business performance.

CONTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS TO AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN RWANDA: A CASE OF LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND HILLSIDE IRRIGATION (LWH) PROJECT IN NYANZA DISTRICT

2026-05-25T19:20:29-05:00

This study examined the contribution of development projects to agricultural growth in Rwanda, with particular emphasis on the Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting, and Hillside Irrigation (LWH) project in Nyanza District. Specifically, the study assessed the effect of funding allocation, training and capacity building, and technology adoption under LWH projects on agricultural growth, as well as the overall relationship between LWH project implementation and agricultural growth. A descriptive research design with a quantitative approach was adopted. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to smallholder farmers in four sectors of Nyanza District. A sample size of 246 respondents was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics, complemented by thematic content analysis. The findings indicated a generally positive contribution of LWH project components to agricultural growth, with an overall mean score of 3.02 (SD = 0.706). Funding allocation significantly influenced agricultural productivity (M = 2.73, SD = 0.854). Training and capacity-building interventions showed a strong contribution (M = 3.17, SD = 0.645), reflecting improved farmer knowledge and skills. Technology adoption was also perceived as crucial for yield improvement (M = 3.13, SD = 0.673). Regression results revealed that LWH project components collectively explained 54% of the variation in agricultural growth (R² = 0.540). The study concludes that the LWH project has made a significant contribution to agricultural growth in Nyanza District even if some challenges such as price fluctuation, Inadequate infrastructure for storage and processing as well as Limited irrigation infrastructures in the area, It recommends increased funding for agricultural development projects, strengthened farmer training and capacity-building programs, improved rural infrastructure, enhanced access to modern farming technologies, and expansion of project coverage to reach more smallholder farmers. These interventions are essential for ensuring the sustainability and long-term success of agricultural development initiatives in Rwanda.

BORDER SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES AND ITS EFFECTS ON INSECURITY IN KERIO VALLEY, KENYA

2026-05-30T00:39:04-05:00

The study sought to determine the relationship between the border surveillance strategies and insecurity in the three counties of Kerio valley. West Pokot County, Elgeyo Marakwet and Baringo. The context along its borders have ben facing insecurity challenges for decades. The study adopted a mixed methods research design and collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data that were then presented thematically. A total target population of 230, and a sample of 133 was used, with an eventual response rate of 108. The results indicated that the independent variable(Border surveillance strategies) which included collaborations, intelligence gathering, utilization of peace committees, collaboration with community based organizations(CBO’S), Faith Based Organizations(FBO’S) AND NGOs, implementation of community policing , disarmament and border patrols all had a positive relationship to insecurity(R=0.731), where they accounted for 53.5% variation in the dependent variable with an adjusted R² of 0.518 denoting its stability in ensuring security. The study thus recommends that the government needs to adopt current upto date tech systems in the border surveillance.

DISARMAMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON INSECURITY IN BARINGO COUNTY, KENYA

2026-06-01T03:57:35-05:00

Globally, insecurity is a common occurrence, touching all domains of life. Political, social, economic, financial, and environmental. In 2023, the effects of insecurity were estimated to have costed countries worldwide an approximate of 19.1 trillion USD. African continent bears the brunt of this cost, with most of the security fragile countries, Kenya inclusive. In the Kerio valley region of Kenya, particularly Baringo county, Insecurity has existed over several decades, fueled by the proliferation of illicit firearms in the hands of civilians. The arms thus fuel insecurity through cattle rustling, banditry and revenge attacks. Despite the efforts by government to disarm the civilians, insecurity by the illegal firearms keep rising. The study therefore sought to determine the effects of disarmament, a government operation in reducing insecurity in Baringo County. Descriptive research design guided the study that targeted 120 key stakeholders in the security docket and the disarmament exercise. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules, qualitative data analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis and presented in tables and themes. Research authorization was sought from Kenyatta university and research permit from NACOSTI. The result revealed that disarmament reduced insecurity, were effective, reduced banditry and cattle rustling, and excellent cooperation existed between the members of the community and the police force. However, insecurity only reduced in areas that had regular and consistent disarmament effort, was hampered by lack or poor road infrastructure, difficult and treacherous terrains, and the lack of trust by the community and the police. The study thus recommends that, the road infrastructure be developed to improve access to remote areas, government presence be increased equally in the entire county, civic education be carried out to enhance collaboration and improve public trust, and incorporate the local leaders in the disarmament exercise and have it implemented uniformly and consistently to curb shifting insecurity to far and remote places and prevent negative attitude from the population who view the exercise as targeted and punitive.

STRATEGIC GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AND PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY IN KENYA: A CASE OF MINISTRY OF HEALTH HEADQUARTERS

2026-06-10T00:08:10-05:00

Effective strategic governance significantly impacts public service delivery, particularly in health care. Strategic governance aligns political, social, and economic objectives, creating a structured basis for setting organizational goals, developing strategies, and monitoring performance. This study used a descriptive approach guided by the Resource-Based View, Stakeholder, and Stewardship theories to examine how strategic governance practices influence service provision at the Ministry of Health Headquarters in Nairobi. A stratified random sample of 318 individuals, drawn from 1,560 residents and managers, completed structured and unstructured questionnaires. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach’s Alpha (>0.7). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods, including correlation and multiple linear regression, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. Findings indicate that public service delivery is positively and significantly influenced by organizational structure and resource allocation. Correlation analysis showed organizational structure (r = 0.230, p = 0.000) and resource allocation (r = 0.662, p = 0.000) strongly associated with service delivery, whereas stakeholder collaboration (r = 0.256, p = 0.027) was positive but not statistically significant. Regression analysis revealed a high explanatory power (adjusted R² = 0.768, R = 0.883), with organizational structure (β = 0.724, p = 0.000) and resource allocation (β = 1.198, p = 0.000) significantly predicting public service outcomes. Stakeholder collaboration (β = 0.155, p = 0.547) was not significant. The study recommends that the Ministry of Health continually review its organizational structure to clarify roles and responsibilities. Future research should explore broader strategic governance dimensions and their effects on institutional performance across other government ministries in Kenya.

POLICING INITIATIVES AND INSECURITY

2026-06-12T19:58:53-05:00

The study examined how community policing projects affect insecurity in Pokot North Sub-County, West Pokot County, Kenya. Despite the introduction of community policing in 2005 to strengthen police–community partnerships, insecurity in the area persists in the form of cattle rustling, inter-clan conflicts, and cross-border killings. The study focused on assessing the effect of partnerships, Chapter Three of the study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised administrative officers, chiefs, police officers, community policing committee members, religious leaders, youth representatives, and community members. A sample size of 100 respondents was selected from a population of 134,485 using Yamane’s formula. Purposive and stratified sampling techniques were employed. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented in narrative form. The findings were summarized per objective as follows: First, on partnerships, the study found that stronger police–community collaboration significantly contributed to reducing insecurity by improving intelligence sharing and joint response to threats. findings revealed that involving youth in security initiatives and economic empowerment programs reduced their vulnerability to involvement in criminal and violent activities. Ethical considerations were strictly adhered to throughout the study. These included obtaining informed consent from all participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of respondents, seeking research clearance from relevant authorities, and emphasizing voluntary participation with the right to withdraw at any stage without penalty. The study recommends strengthening police–community partnerships, increasing investment in capacity building programs for local security actors, formalizing and supporting alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and expanding youth engagement initiatives to enhance employment and participation in peacebuilding activities. These interventions are expected to improve security outcomes in pastoral and border communities.

EFFECT OF INTER-CLAN COMPETITION OVER RESOURCE DYNAMICS ON SECURITY IN MANDERA COUNTY, KENYA

2026-06-13T20:42:09-05:00

Mandera County, Kenya, continues to experience persistent insecurity witnessed through recurrent violent clashes, displacement of persons and livelihoods destruction. Though there are multiple factors attributed to insecurity in the county, inter-clan conflicts have emerged as among the key drivers. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of inter-clan competition over resource dynamics on security in Mandera County, Kenya. The study was guided by environmental security theory and human security theory. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study population included 125,763 household heads, 119 chiefs, 174 sub-chiefs and 6 assistant county commissioners. The sample size for the household heads was 399. In addition, 7 chiefs, 10 sub-chiefs and one (1) assistant county commissioner were included as key informants. Data was collected using a questionnaire for household heads and an interview schedule for chiefs, sub-chiefs and assistant county commissioner. Data analysis utilized both quantitative and qualitative data analysis procedures. Quantitative data was entered into SPSS version 26.0 for analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics entailed use of frequencies, and percentages to evaluate patterns of inter-clan conflicts and insecurity in Mandera County. Inferential statistics utilized correlations and regressions. The findings revealed that there is a strong positive relationship between resource competition and security in Mandera County, Kenya (r = .806, p = .000). The study recommends that National and county governments should strengthen policies that promote equitable access to natural resources and inclusivity in political representation. Policies in the governance of resources and public appointment should be designed in a way that reduces clan-based exclusion. The findings of this study will be significant to different stakeholders such as government bodies, policy makers, security bodies, communities, non-government organizations, scholars, academicians and researchers.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EMPLOYEES’ MENTAL HEALTH IN THE OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-06-14T04:59:00-05:00

The research examined the mental health and HRM relationship in the ODPP Head Office in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The investigation was motivated by increased mental problems among the Kenyan civil servants especially within the ODPP where cases are generally stressful. The key research questions examined the effects of recruitment transparency on employees' psychological health. The research was conducted anchored on the Equity Theory. Study design was mixed method. Questionnaires were used to sample the employees of the ODPP, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to achieve a response rate of 91 percent. The outcome of the inferential analysis revealed positive and statistically significant effects on mental health with recruitment transparency. The researcher finally states that HRM practices for ensuring equity and effectiveness in implementing them in a strategic manner is of great importance in shaping a conducive employees’ mental health. Significant recommendations include institutionalizing the recruitment process based on merit, openness in recruitment process and incorporating mental health policy within HR systems by updating its HR manual in accordance with the Mental Health (Amendment) Act 2022.

EFFECT OF KUPPET IN PROMOTING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHER WELFARE IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MERU COUNTY

2026-06-20T22:28:20-05:00

Professional development remains a critical component in enhancing teacher welfare, job satisfaction, and instructional effectiveness, particularly in developing countries such as Kenya. Despite the efforts of trade unions like the Kenya Union of Post-Primary Education Teachers (KUPPET), teachers in public secondary schools continue to experience limited access to structured training, career progression opportunities, and skill enhancement initiatives. This study examined the effect of KUPPET in promoting professional development of teachers in public secondary schools in Meru County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory and the Deliberative Policy Analysis Model, which provided a framework for understanding how motivational factors and institutional engagement influence teacher welfare outcomes. A descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted public secondary school teachers, KUPPET officials, and education administrators from the Teachers Service Commission and the Ministry of Education. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 26 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that KUPPET’s professional development initiatives had a statistically significant positive relationship with teacher welfare (r = 0.589, p < 0.001) and significantly predicted teacher welfare (β = 0.183, p < 0.001), explaining 34.7% of the variation in teacher welfare (R² = 0.347). Professional development contributed to enhanced professional skills, improved career progression, and increased job satisfaction, confirming its importance in strengthening teacher capacity and performance. The study concludes that KUPPET plays a significant role in advancing teacher welfare through professional development and recommends strengthening training programs, expanding access to continuous learning opportunities, and enhancing institutional support to maximize the effectiveness of professional development initiatives.

POLICY STABILITY OF TAX INCENTIVES AS A STRATEGIC DETERMINANT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR, MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA

2026-06-20T22:29:32-05:00

Foreign direct investment (FDI) remains a critical driver of economic growth through capital inflows, industrial expansion, technology transfer, and employment creation. Despite the adoption of various tax incentive programs in Kenya, foreign direct investment inflows into the manufacturing sector have continued to exhibit fluctuations, raising concerns regarding the effectiveness and consistency of fiscal policy frameworks. This study examined the effect of policy stability of tax incentives on foreign direct investment in the manufacturing sector in Machakos County, Kenya. Specifically, the study focused on the influence of the frequency of tax policy changes, continuity of incentive implementation, and investor perceptions of policy credibility on foreign direct investment. The study was anchored on Institutional Theory and Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm. A descriptive research design was adopted, integrating cross-sectional primary data and time-series secondary data. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to foreign-owned manufacturing firms operating in Machakos County, while secondary data were obtained from relevant government agencies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis with the aid of SPSS Version 26. The findings revealed that policy stability of tax incentives had a positive and statistically significant effect on foreign direct investment. Respondents strongly agreed that policy consistency, government commitment to incentive implementation, and credibility of fiscal policies significantly influenced investment decisions. Correlation analysis revealed the strongest positive association between policy stability and foreign direct investment, while regression analysis established policy stability of tax incentives as a significant predictor of foreign direct investment. The study concludes that stable and predictable tax incentive policies enhance investor confidence and contribute significantly to attracting and sustaining foreign investment within the manufacturing sector. The study recommends strengthening policy consistency, minimizing abrupt changes in tax incentive frameworks, and improving communication regarding fiscal policy reforms to enhance investor confidence and promote sustainable foreign direct investment.

CULTURAL NORMS AS A SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTHS IN MAKUENI COUNTY, KENYA

2026-06-23T19:50:22-05:00

Alcoholism among youths remains a significant public health and social concern in Makueni County, Kenya, despite the presence of regulatory frameworks and intervention programs aimed at controlling alcohol consumption. Cultural practices, beliefs, and social expectations continue to shape drinking behavior, particularly through the normalization of alcohol use during ceremonies, social events, and community gatherings. The aim was to establish how cultural norms influence alcoholism among youths, with a specific focus on social acceptance of alcohol use, traditional beliefs, peer influence, and cultural expectations. The study examined the role of cultural norms as a key social determinant shaping alcohol consumption behavior among youths. The study employed a descriptive research design targeting youths aged between 15 and 35 years residing in Makueni County. Simple random sampling was used to select 398 respondents from the target population. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather data from youth respondents, along with interview guides developed for key informants. The instruments were reviewed for content validity and pretested to ensure clarity and reliability. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically to provide deeper insights into cultural beliefs and social influences on alcohol consumption. The findings revealed that cultural norms have a positive and significant influence on alcoholism among youths, with practices such as alcohol consumption during social events, peer pressure, and social acceptance contributing to increased drinking behavior. The results further showed that cultural norms explain a substantial proportion of variation in alcohol consumption among youths. Strengthening community sensitization, promoting culturally responsive interventions, and enhancing youth awareness programs were identified as key measures necessary to reduce alcohol abuse and improve youth well-being.

AFRICAN UNION TRANSITION MISSION INTERVENTIONS AND SECURITY STABILITY IN SOMALIA, 2007–2024

2026-06-30T21:27:44-05:00

This study critically examined the influence of the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) on security and stability in Somalia between 2007 and 2024. Somalia has experienced prolonged insecurity, political instability, and violent extremism, prompting sustained regional and international peace support interventions. Despite these efforts, armed groups such as Al-Shabaab have continued to pose significant threats, particularly in southern and central regions. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the nature, effectiveness, and implications of ATMIS interventions in addressing Somalia’s security and stability challenges. A descriptive research design was adopted, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and case studies involving ATMIS officials, Somali government personnel, civil society representatives, and community leaders across selected administrative divisions. Both descriptive statistical analysis and thematic content analysis were employed to analyze the data. Ethical considerations were strictly observed, including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation of respondents. The findings indicate that ATMIS interventions have made a notable contribution to improving security conditions and humanitarian access in several parts of Somalia. The mission has played a significant role in supporting political stabilization, conflict mitigation, and institutional capacity building, particularly through training and supporting Somali security forces. ATMIS was also found to have contributed to the protection of critical infrastructure and the restoration of law and order in key urban centers. However, the study identifies persistent challenges, including limited local ownership, uneven security gains, and continued insurgent activity in some regions. The study concludes that while ATMIS interventions have had a largely positive impact on Somalia’s recovery, future peace support efforts should prioritize sustainable capacity building, enhanced coordination with local institutions, and a gradual transition to Somali-led security governance to ensure long-term stability.

CONTRIBUTION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PROJECT SUCCESS IN RWANDA

2026-08-16T05:26:05-05:00

This study assessed the contribution of quality assurance management to project success in Rwanda, focusing on health post project implementation in Nyanza District. The specific objectives were to examine the effect of quality planning, quality control practices, staff training, and quality audits and monitoring on project success. The study adopted a descriptive and correlational research design using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected from a sample of 120 respondents, including project staff, supervisors, and local stakeholders, selected through stratified and purposive sampling techniques. Qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews with project supervisors, technicians, and local government officials. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Descriptive results indicated a high level of implementation of quality assurance management practices. Quality planning recorded a mean of M = 4.21, SD = 0.61, quality control practices M = 4.28, SD = 0.57, staff training M = 4.15, SD = 0.64, and quality audits and monitoring M = 4.32, SD = 0.55. Project success also registered a high overall mean of M = 4.30, SD = 0.58. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between quality assurance management and project success (r = 0.74, p < 0.01). Regression analysis further confirmed that quality assurance management significantly predicted project success (β = 0.68, p < 0.001). The regression model was statistically significant (F(4,115) = 40.08, p < 0.001) and explained 52% of the variation in project success (R² = 0.52). Qualitative findings revealed challenges such as limited availability of quality experts, staff turnover, communication gaps, and post-project financing constraints as threats to long-term sustainability. The study concludes that effective quality assurance management is a critical determinant of project success in health infrastructure projects, not only enhancing timely completion and budget adherence but also strengthening service delivery quality and sustainability of project outcomes. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening quality control systems, continuous staff training, robust monitoring and audit mechanisms, and sustainable post-project financing to enhance long-term service delivery and infrastructure maintenance.

POLITICAL PARTY INTERNAL GOVERNANCE AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN COMPETITIVE POLITICS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

2026-08-29T21:06:39-05:00

Women participation in political parties remains a critical concern in democratic governance despite the existence of legal and institutional frameworks promoting gender equality. In Kenya, women continue to experience limited representation within political party leadership and decision-making structures. This study examined the influence of political party internal governance on women participation in political parties in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was adopted. The study was anchored on African Feminist Theory and Institutional Theory, which provided a framework for understanding gender inclusion and institutional governance within political parties. The target population comprised 1,000 women leaders, political party officials, representatives of the Office of the Registrar of Political Parties, and aspiring female politicians within Nairobi City County. Stratified sampling was used to categorize respondents into the four stakeholder groups, while purposive sampling was used to select respondents with relevant knowledge and experience. A sample size of 286 respondents was determined using Yamane’s formula. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 26 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that political party internal governance had a significant positive influence on women participation in political parties. This positive direction indicates that more inclusive internal governance structures were associated with increased women participation, while exclusionary governance practices could constrain their participation. Internal governance characterized by fair nomination procedures, women representation in executive structures, and active women leagues was associated with improved leadership representation, nomination opportunities, and involvement of women in political decision-making processes. The study concludes that inclusive governance structures within political parties are essential for promoting meaningful participation of women in politics. The study recommends strengthening transparent nomination procedures, increasing women representation in party executive committees, and institutionalizing gender-inclusive governance structures within political parties.