Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities

REUNIFICATION PROCESS OF UNCLAIMED FINANCIAL ASSETS AND ITS SUCCESS RATE IN KENYA

2025-02-26T18:54:35-06:00

This study explored the effect of the reunification process of unclaimed financial assets on its success rate in Kenya. The objectives were to determine the effect of the search for unclaimed financial assets, the claims filling process, and other collaborative initiatives on the success rate of reunification in Kenya. Theories were theory of escheatment. The study design was descriptive. Census sampling was used to sample all the 32 employees as respondents in the study. A questionnaire and an interview schedule were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics through multiple linear regression were utilized in analyzing the data. The study established that unclaimed assets alters success rate of reunification in Kenya and was statistically significant hence the null hypothesis was rejected. Claim filling process was also found significant and altered the success rate of reunification in Kenya hence the null hypothesis was also rejected. lastly, the collaborative initiative alteration led to success rate of reunification in Kenya. The t-values was significant hence the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, all the objectives had significant influence on the success rate of reunification in Kenya. P-values were less than the adopted threshold P <0.05) hence all the null hypothesis were rejected. The study endorsed that in order to ensure better transparency to the authority by holders of the actions taken to contact specific clients prior to surrendering assets to the UFAA, the Unclaimed Financial Authority (UFAA) should create robust systems. Additionally, the UFAA should put up a system for the prudent handling of unclaimed financial assets across all industries. Additionally, the authority has to implement consistent accounting and reporting standards for these assets across all industries and run effective public education and financial literacy initiatives. Laws and regulations on such assets should be reviewed to revise the charges incurred in the claiming process.

SEA BLINDNESS IMPLICATIONS ON MARITIME SECURITY IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

2025-03-07T21:08:23-06:00

Sea blindness in Africa remains a serious threat to maritime security as states continue to pay little attention to the safeguard of their maritime realm. With increase in international apprehension relating to threats of piracy, robbery, blue economy violations, environmental and climate change threats it is prudent to factor in implications of sea blindness on maritime security in Kenya. This study investigated the implications of sea blindness on maritime security in Mombasa County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the extent of sea blindness maritime security awareness among residents and stakeholders involved in maritime security in Mombasa County, to analyze the socio-economic factors influencing sea blindness on maritime security in Mombasa County, to investigate the vulnerabilities associated with sea blindness and their impact on maritime security in Mombasa County and lastly to assess the effectiveness of existing civic education initiatives in addressing impact of sea blindness on maritime security. The study utilized social learning and conflict theories. Study adopted the exploratory research design employing data collection through interviews with stakeholders including the fishermen, the Kenya Navy personnel, Kenya Coast Guard officials, Kenya Maritime Authority, Kenya Ports Authority and Bandari College. The study also sampled views from the general public and expert opinions from the Non-governmental Organizations interested in sea blindness and maritime security. The findings revealed low awareness of the concept of sea blindness, although respondents showed positive engagement after its definition was explained. Economic, cultural, and social factors contributed to varying levels of awareness, while existing civic education campaigns had moderate effectiveness. The study concluded that sea blindness undermines maritime security management by delaying response times, underreporting incidents, and hindering resource allocation and policy effectiveness. It identified vulnerabilities in environmental, economic, security, and social dimensions. The study recommended enhancing economic diversification, integrating maritime education into curricula, improving policy coordination, and expanding educational campaigns to mitigate sea blindness and improve maritime.

EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY AT THE LOUPE; REGIONAL INTEGRATION, PROGRESS, CHALLENGES AND CONFLICTS (2024)

2025-03-16T07:03:06-05:00

The East African Community (EAC) has made significant strides toward regional integration, particularly in the areas of political cooperation and security. One of the key initiatives in this regard is the East African Standby Force (EASF), which aims to address regional security challenges and promote political stability. However, despite notable progress, the region continues to face challenges, including divergent political systems among member states and inadequate resources for the EASF. These obstacles hinder the effective execution of regional security strategies and the achievement of sustainable political cooperation. Strengthening political will, enhancing the operational capacity of the EASF, and improving cross-border collaboration are crucial to overcoming these barriers. The study concludes that a more coordinated and comprehensive approach to regional security is essential for the EAC's long-term stability and integration. In terms of recommendations, there is a need for increased investment in regional security mechanisms, fostering political commitment among member states, and strengthening partnerships with international actors. Additionally, addressing the root causes of conflicts, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), strengthening governance, and enhancing security cooperation are vital for ensuring lasting peace and stability in the region. In conclusion, the conflicts between EAC neighboring countries are multifaceted, involving political, ethnic, resource-based, and security concerns. While the region has made some progress in addressing these challenges, there remains a need for stronger regional cooperation and conflict-resolution mechanisms to ensure lasting peace and stability. The EAC's ability to resolve these conflicts will determine not only the future of the member states but also the prosperity and security of the wider East African region.

DECOLONIALITY IN SCIENCE COMMUNICATION

2025-03-18T01:45:20-05:00

This study explores the impact of decoloniality in science communication in climate resilience projects, highlighting the challenges of accessibility, comprehensibility, and the integration of indigenous knowledge. It argues that while Western scientific communication methods, such as academic publishing and media briefings, have become dominant, they often fail to resonate with local communities, particularly in Africa. By reviewing current science communication practices and the role of coloniality in shaping these practices, the study identifies strategies for improving communication, such as incorporating indigenous knowledge, using simplified language, and engaging local communities. Data for this study was collected through surveys and interviews conducted during a summer school on decoloniality and science communication held in Mombasa, Kenya in 2024. As part of decoloniality in scientific research, a “35 mapping lessons-game” was designed and used to facilitate interactive learning and reflection on decoloniality and science communication. The game was used to engage participants and collect their proposed learnings and changed perspectives from the summer school. Findings revealed that many researchers struggle with effectively conveying scientific knowledge to diverse audiences. The study calls for a decolonial approach to science communication that fosters inclusivity, participatory methods, and culturally relevant content to enhance the effectiveness of climate resilience strategies.

INFLUENCE OF CURRENT MIGRATION POLICIES ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING PATTERNS IN GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA (2019 – 2024)

2025-04-05T23:30:19-05:00

Human trafficking has become a growing concern in migration management, prompting governments to implement policies aimed at mitigating associated risks. This research explored the impact of migration regulations on human trafficking trends in Garissa County, Kenya. The study aimed to assess how existing migration policies influence the occurrence of human trafficking along the Kenya-Somalia border in Garissa County. Grounded in the Transnational Organized Crime and Migration Systems theories, the study utilized a cross-sectional survey approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The research targeted 466 participants, selecting a sample of 215. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and interviews, with a pilot study conducted to ensure reliability. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was examined thematically. Findings indicated that migration policies provide some protection against trafficking but are undermined by enforcement challenges, including porous borders, resource constraints, corruption, inadequate training, and weak cross-border collaboration. Restrictive policies also inadvertently pushed migrants toward irregular routes, increasing vulnerability. While policies are effective at manned border points, their overall impact is weakened by structural gaps and outdated frameworks. The study recommended strengthening enforcement through increased funding, capacity building, improved coordination with Somali authorities, and regular policy updates to address evolving trafficking dynamics.

PUBLIC SECTOR REFORMS AND TAX ADMINISTRATION BY KENYA REVENUE AUTHORITY IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY

2025-04-14T09:54:38-05:00

This study looked at the Kenya Revenue Authority's (KRA) public sector reforms and tax administration in Nairobi City County. It attempted to address Several different goals: ascertain the effect of the payment plan method introduced by KRA on tax administration within Nairobi City County; analyze the influence of PIN issuing practices by KRA on tax administration in Nairobi City County; and investigate The impacts of Tax Invoice Management procedures on tax administration within Nairobi City County by KRA, and analyze the repercussions of tax waivers on tax administration within Nairobi City County by KRA. Guided by the Theory of Constraints and Agency concept, this study took a descriptive research design with a sampling approach tailored to the study population and variable relationships. The problem discussed in this research centers on the efficacy and impact of tax administration strategies employed by the KRA within Nairobi City County. Specifically, it focused on assessing the effectiveness of various methods such as payment plans, PIN issuance practices, Tax Invoice Management procedures, and tax waivers in facilitating efficient tax collection and compliance. These aspects are crucial for enhancing revenue generation, promoting fiscal sustainability, and ensuring equitable tax distribution within the county. Data was sourced from documented work and KRA yearly reports stored in the institution's library, supplemented by interviews with key stakeholders involved in tax administration and reform processes. The study population comprised 94 employees from the large taxpayer’s office within the Kenya Revenue Authority compliance department, holding various positions including senior managers, managers, subordinate managers, supervisory team, and officials. Inferential statistical analysis including correlation coefficients, determination coefficients for model suitability, synthesis of deviation (ANOVA) for possibility significance, and regression modeling, facilitated by SPSS software was utilized to analyse the collected data. Thematic complemented data analysis and be organized about a conceptual framework distinguishing reform contexts, processes, and arenas. This comprehensive approach ensured a nuanced understanding of the dynamics shaping tax administration and reform initiatives in Nairobi City County.

EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENFORCEMENT STRUCTURES IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN LAIKIPIA COUNTY, KENYA

2025-04-17T07:11:30-05:00

Local communities and biodiversity conservation are closely interconnected. While community enforcement structures play an integral role in ensuring compliance, safeguarding and monitoring illegal activities that are detrimental to natural ecosystems, limited attention has been drawn in research particularly on their effectiveness in the broader conservation frameworks. This study examined the effects of enforcement structures on biodiversity conservation in the context of Laikipia County in Kenya. Stakeholder theory and sustainability theory anchored the study. Descriptive survey was used to guide the data collection and analysis. The study targeted a population of 2,035 consisting of 6 Government Environment Officers, 29 managers of conservancies and 2,000 community land representatives in Laikipia County, Kenya. Sample size of 327 was obtained through Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table of sample determination. Structured questionnaires, interviews and observation guide were data collection instruments. Pilot-testing of the instruments was conducted in Samburu County to a sample size of 33. Reliability of the instruments was determined through split-half method. Data was analyzed through content analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearsons’s correlation and regression analysis. F statistical test was used in testing hypothesis at 95% confidence interval. It was revealed that enforcement structures had strong positive relationship with biodiversity conservation in Laikipia County (r=0.75) and accounted for 56% variation in the conservation of biodiversity in Laikipia County (R-Square=0.56). Government was recommended to institute relevant policies that will build the capacity of local enforcement teams through training and resource allocation so as to strengthen their effectiveness in biodiversity conservation efforts.

NEW WAYS OF WORKING AND BURNOUT IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA

2025-05-13T23:36:44-05:00

New Ways of Working (NWW) is portrayed as a model involving flexible work arrangements made possible by information and communication technology (ICT). These flexible work arrangements have gradually evolved as the new normal in organizations particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, at the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) in Kenya, this evolution is evident in the embrace of teleworking and hybrid working. Due to the novelty of NWW, there has been little research on its psychological outcomes and underlying processes. More particularly, the psychological effects it has on individuals, as well as the elements that contribute to such effects, especially within the nuanced context of a developing country. Consequently, the aim of this study is to find out to what extent New Ways of Working (NWW) relate to employee burnout among the Kenyan National Health Insurance Fund Employees and how organizational support (training and provision of material resources) moderates this relationship. The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and basic psychological needs (ABC) theory provides the theoretical framework. The results of the analysis from the surveyed NHIF employees (n=117) showcase non-significant findings (a) the anticipated positive relationship between NWW and burnout proves non-significant, (b) training and provision of material resources have no significant relationship with burnout, (c) both training and provision of material resources do not moderate the relationship between NWW and burnout. These are novel insights into the relationship between NWW and burnout in the setting of a developing country. The findings are evaluated, and discussed based on theory, and various suggestions for further research and practice are made.

OWN SOURCE REVENUE AS AN ENABLER OF THE FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE OF COUNTY GOVERNMENTS:

2025-05-17T02:26:38-05:00

County Governments in Kenya struggle with low rates of own source revenue generation. Due to this, entities are unable to meet their annual revenue collection targets and realize only modest annual growth in revenue generation. The County Government of Marsabit registered a steady decline in own source revenue collections from the financial years 2019/2020 to 2022/2023. Further, it has not been able to fulfill the annual target established for the period between 2018/2019 and 2022/2023. This research thus sought to investigate own source revenue as an enabler of financial independence of Marsabit County Government in Kenya. particularly, the investigation also sought to establish whether the automation of tax collection, administration of levies and diversification of fees charged enhances financial independence of county government of Marsabit. The research was based on resource based view theory. The survey research design has been employed for the investigation. The study population that is targeted was two hundred and forty. The census was carried out among sampled size of 120 respondents and Primary data was gathered utilizing questions from participants. From the available literature, qualitative data was collected. A pilot investigation will be done to determine the reliability and validity of the study instrument. In analysis of data, descriptive study design was utilized. Effective analysis tools were adopted to analyze the data gathered from respondents and were presented in form of tables, pie charts, and graphs. The investigation revealed that automation of tax collection, levy collection, and fee diversification significantly contributed to Marsabit County's financial independence. Automation improved efficiency and minimized errors (regression coefficient = 0.325, p = 0.004), levy collection boosted financial growth (regression coefficient = 0.417, p = 0.001), and diversifying fees strengthened the county’s financial stability (regression coefficient = 0.369, p = 0.002). The study concluded that automation of tax collection, effective levy management, and fee diversification significantly enhance the financial independence of Marsabit County. It recommended investing in automated systems, improving levy collection procedures, and diversifying revenue sources to ensure fiscal sustainability.

ETHNICITY AND EDUCATION ACCESS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN LAIKIPIA COUNTY, KENYA

2025-05-31T21:10:15-05:00

This research examined the connection between ethnicity and education access in secondary schools within Laikipia County, Kenya. The theoretical framework was based on the tenets of Socio-identity Theory. A mixed-methods approach was utilized to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The study's target population was identified through the stratified random sampling method, which categorized participants into distinct groups, including school principals, heads of households, security personnel, and representatives from teachers' unions. The sample size was determined to be approximately 236 respondents, with data gathered via semi-structured questionnaires that featured both open-ended and Likert scale items. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and regression models for quantitative data, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The information was systematically coded and organized into themes. The results indicated that over 75% of respondents acknowledged that factors such as ethnicity adversely affect education access in secondary schools within Laikipia County, Kenya. This study concludes that ethnic clashes have indeed impacted students' ability to access education in secondary schools in Laikipia County. The research suggests that the Ministry of Education ought to extend necessary support to regions impacted by ethnic conflicts.

LIVESTOCK POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF LIVESTOCK MARKETING INFRASTRUCTURE IN SAMBURU COUNTY, KENYA

2025-06-01T11:51:55-05:00

Marketing of livestock has majorly been impacted by Inadequacy of livestock market set-ups and policies governing the value chain in the sector. Most counties especially the ones in ASAL regions in Kenya have formulated policies regarding Livestock as it the main source of livelihoods for its population. .Despite the existence of livestock policies in form of sessional paper number 3 of the year 2020 and the Samburu’s Livestock Sale yards Act, (2018), that was formulated to boost the livestock sector in the county, the implementation, and maintenance as well as the sustainability of the market infrastructure is still wanting given the poor state of livestock sale yards in the county as revealed by the study outcomes. The study was geared towards evaluating the Livestock Policy Implementation and the Sustainability of Livestock Marketing Infrastructure in Samburu County in Kenya. The research’s objectives were to scrutinize in what manner stakeholder’s involvement affects sustainability, establish the effects of revenue sharing, to evaluate the effects of networking among stakeholders and finally to define the magnitude at which the capacity of managing committee influence the sustainability of livestock sale yards in Samburu County. The research study was anchored on the Stakeholders and Collaborative Policy Networks theories. The target population was 7266 persons comprising of sale yards management committee, County government officials and yard sales stakeholders in Samburu county. Both stratified and purposive sampling techniques were utilized while choosing the required sample scope for the study. The study employed descriptive design and used semi-structured questionnaires and an interview guide. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS and by both inferential and descriptive indicators. The results of the research were presented through pie charts, frequency tables, percentages as well as graphs. Regression model was utilized to ascertain the existed correlation between the independent variables and the dependent variable as well as demonstrating future correlation between the variables. The study established that 10 out of 18 livestock sales yard representing 56% were in dilapidated state, indicating that there was a big problem in their management as well as its sustainability .The study also established that only 33.3% of the officials of the livestock sales yards’ management committee kept the updated lists of stakeholders, while 66.7% did not keep stakeholder’s lists. Similarly, the study established that only 16.7% of livestock sales yards’ markets held annual general meetings (AGMs), whereas 83.3% did not. The study too established that only 45.5% received support, while the remaining 54.5% did not get support from either institutions. The findings indicated that the major support received was for the construction of markets at 66.6% followed by capacity building at 61% of the management committee and the least support was from influencing revenue shares. The study found out that 74.5% of the stakeholders had not participated in any sales yards’ activities and further 62.5% of the respondents were not satisfied with the performance of management committee of the Livestock sales yards in Samburu County. The study concluded that there was minimal County government support on critical issues regarding the management of livestock sales yards especially in the areas of capacity building, financial management, record keeping, and facilitation in holding annual general meetings (AGMs) as well as auditing of the revenue shared and developments at the respective 18 sales yards in Samburu county. These gaps critically affected the sustainability of the Livestock sale yards in Samburu County. The study recommends that cess revenue collection should be done in an organized manner with similar receipt and similar amount for the livestock in all the 18 Livestock Sale Yards in Samburu County.

THE EFFECT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING ON STAFF ACQUISITION IN COUNTY GOVERNMENT IN KENYA

2025-06-03T18:01:07-05:00

The study sought to establish the effect of human resource planning on staff acquisition in county governments of Kenya. The study used a quantitative approach where a descriptive research design was employed as the study sought to describe what, where, when, and who concerning the variables of the study. Stratified random sampling enhances the representativeness of the sample and reduces the likelihood of sampling errors. The study, through a census, sampled all 94 chief executive officers and the chairs of the CPSB from the 47 counties in Kenya. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were conducted with the help of SPSS, while multiple regression analysis was used to perform inferential statistics to establish the relationship between human resource planning and staff acquisition in Kenyan county governments. The study established a significant relationship (P < .05) between human resource planning and the staff acquisition process in county governments in Kenya. The study recommended that the recruitment strategies of CPSBs should be aligned with the organization's strategic objectives and workforce needs and that CPSBs need to regularly review and update recruitment practices based on data analysis and feedback. Additionally, staff acquisition by CPSBs in all the counties should be designed in such a way that addresses the county’s long-term strategic objectives.

CHALLENGES IN USING SMARTPHONES AND SOCIAL MEDIA FOR POLICE MISCONDUCT DOCUMENTATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN KENYA

2025-06-06T01:52:39-05:00

Smartphones and social media are becoming more vital in documenting police misconduct and promoting accountability. However, the challenges in their use, particularly in Kenya, have not been given much consideration. This study investigated the challenges individuals face when reporting misconduct using these tools and those encountered by oversight bodies in addressing such reports. The study was grounded on Social Learning Theory and Technological Determinism Theory. It adopted a sequential explanatory mixed-method design. Respondents were police officers and staff of the Independent Police Oversight Authority (IPOA). They were selected via stratified random and purposive sampling. Data were collected using an online survey and interview guide and analysed descriptively and thematically. Findings indicated that the fear of reprisals, legal ambiguities, unequal access to technology, internet shutdowns, and privacy concerns discourage individuals from documenting and exposing misconduct. The challenges for oversight bodies included unclear evidence-handling policies, inadequate forensic capability, poor-quality and overly complex digital evidence, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. The study concluded that these challenges are interconnected, undermine police accountability, and fuel public distrust of police and oversight mechanisms. It recommends broad reforms to enable safe and effective documentation and timely, transparent, and fair institutional responses.

COMMUNITY POLICING AND ITS EFFECTS ON MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC ORDER IN KITUI COUNTY, KENYA

2025-06-08T02:00:30-05:00

Security in Mutitu Sub-county has not been as desired due to different conflicts. Despite the adoption and implementation of community policing, and subsequently the ‘nyumba kumi’ initiative to curb the vice at the grassroots level, insecurity is still taunting locals. This study aimed to establish the initiative's put in place and their effect maintaining public order by Nyumba Kumi Initiative. The objectives of the study were two: to determine the effect of conflict mitigation strategies and stakeholder participation at the Nyumba Kumi level on maintaining public order in the sub-county. The study adopted a descriptive research design that utilized semi-structured questionnaires to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The stakeholders involved in the Nyumba Kumi initiative were targeted, and a sample of 108 was utilized, drawn from village elders, nyumba kumi officials, National government administrative officers, and the members of the national police service. The study found that alternative dispute resolution techniques were used to mitigate conflicts in the sub-county. It was done through mediation, negotiation, and arbitration. It was also noted that, the members of the general public were not open to consulting with the members of the security due to fear, and the key method of public participation was through public barazas.

WORKFORCE RETENTION STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF KENYA REVENUE AUTHORITY EMPLOYEES

2025-06-14T12:20:07-05:00

This study investigated how career growth, recognition, benefits, and organizational culture impact employee performance of KRA. Thus, the study provided an exhaustive understanding of retention strategies within the context of a government agency. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory and Goal Setting Theory anchored this study. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The study targeted 300 senior management staff, 1,200 middle management staff, and 5,000 operational employees, but sampled 376 respondents. This study developed structured questionnaires and interview guides as data collection instruments. The study data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, evaluating the relationship between the study variables. Descriptive statistics summarized the demographics and characteristics of the respondents. Inferential statistics assisted in making conclusions regarding the relationships between independent variables {career growth opportunities, employee recognition, employee benefits, and organization culture} and the dependent variable of employee performance. The findings showed that career growth opportunities positively influence performance; employees are motivated by the prospect of clear promotion paths, professional development programs, and mentoring. The study has also established that recognition is one of the key motivation factors affecting productivity. When employees feel appreciated and recognized for their contribution, they tend to perform better and show greater levels of engagement. The study further considered that employee benefits were found to influence performance through job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results demonstrated that a positive culture promoting teamwork, innovation, and open communication strongly supports employee performance. The study recommended that the Authority should consider technology-infused career development programs designed to link accessibility promotion growth and career opportunities with individual areas of interest. Knowledge programs may be expanded to incorporate peer-to-peer recognition systems and real-time digital acknowledgment platforms. KRA may want to consider setting in place some additional wellness programs such as mental health support and childcare services, which were identified by the employees as lacking.