AFRICAN UNION TRANSITION MISSION INTERVENTIONS AND SECURITY STABILITY IN SOMALIA, 2007–2024
Keywords:
African Union Transition Mission, Stability, Interventions
Abstract
This study critically examined the influence of the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) on security and stability in Somalia between 2007 and 2024. Somalia has experienced prolonged insecurity, political instability, and violent extremism, prompting sustained regional and international peace support interventions. Despite these efforts, armed groups such as Al-Shabaab have continued to pose significant threats, particularly in southern and central regions. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the nature, effectiveness, and implications of ATMIS interventions in addressing Somalia’s security and stability challenges. A descriptive research design was adopted, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and case studies involving ATMIS officials, Somali government personnel, civil society representatives, and community leaders across selected administrative divisions. Both descriptive statistical analysis and thematic content analysis were employed to analyze the data. Ethical considerations were strictly observed, including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation of respondents. The findings indicate that ATMIS interventions have made a notable contribution to improving security conditions and humanitarian access in several parts of Somalia. The mission has played a significant role in supporting political stabilization, conflict mitigation, and institutional capacity building, particularly through training and supporting Somali security forces. ATMIS was also found to have contributed to the protection of critical infrastructure and the restoration of law and order in key urban centers. However, the study identifies persistent challenges, including limited local ownership, uneven security gains, and continued insurgent activity in some regions. The study concludes that while ATMIS interventions have had a largely positive impact on Somalia’s recovery, future peace support efforts should prioritize sustainable capacity building, enhanced coordination with local institutions, and a gradual transition to Somali-led security governance to ensure long-term stability.
References
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Cheng, C., Goodhand, J., & Meehan, P. (2023). Securing and Sustaining Elite Bargains that Reduce Violent Conflict. Oxford University Press.
Childs, S. J. (2019). Granting Security? U.S. Security Assistance Programs and Political Stability in the Greater Middle East and Africa. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 10(2), 157-182. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21520844.2019.1596649
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Cuhadar, E., & Druckman, D. (2024). Let the people speak! What kind of civil society inclusion leads to durable peace?. International Studies Perspectives, 25(3), 359-381.
De Waal, A. (2021). New Paths to Peace? The Role of Humanitarian Aid in Conflict Resolution. Cambridge University Press.
Elamin, M. O. I. (2023). Emerging Challenges in African Union's Peace and Security Strategy: A Comparative Analysis of UNAMID and AMISOM. International Journal, 10(3), 2277-2293.
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Hashi, M. B., & Barasa, T. (2023). Enhancing federal inter-governmental relations and state building in Somalia. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-10.
Hassan, I. H. (2023). The Role of The European Union (EU) in Promoting Regional Integration, Sustainable Development and Conflict Resolution in Somalia. Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU), 47-62.
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Idriss, A., & Lacher, W. (2023). "Foreign Military Assistance and State Fragility in the Sahel." Journal of Modern African Studies, 61(1), 75-96.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2015). Central African Republic: The Roots of Violence.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2016). Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Challenges.
Ivanyi, K. (2024). Non-Governmental Armed Forces in East Africa in Comparative Perspective: State-making, War-making and Organized Crime. In Agents of Violence (pp. 51-115). Brill Schöningh.
Jain, N. (2021). Survey versus interviews: Comparing data collection tools for exploratory research. The Qualitative Report, 26(2), 541-554.
Kalu, U. C., & Okolie, A. M. N. (2023). United Nations Management of Conflicts: Perceptions on the International Consensus Mobilisation in Somalia Crisis. Journal of Somali Studies: Research on Somalia and the Greater Horn of African Countries, 10(1), 63-80.
Kamais, C. E., Okoth, P. G., & Kimokoti, S. N. (2024). Navigating the Transition Tightrope: Challenges Posed by African Union Mission in Somalia Transition on Kenya’s National Security. African Journal of Empirical Research, 5(2), 371-387.
Kamau, J. (2021). LAPSSET and Regional Trade: Kenya’s Economic Strategy in the Horn of Africa. African Development Review, 33(2), 189-205.
Kronstadt, K. A. (2020). Pakistan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 116th Congress. Congressional Research Service.
Liaga, E. A., & Habib, H. M. (2024). A Critical Assessment of the Challenges of the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS). In Development and Regional Stability in Africa: Unlocking Potential (pp. 51-64). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Mburu, N. (2019). Border Disputes in the Horn of Africa: Kenya and Ethiopia’s Historical and Contemporary Issues. Journal of African Policy Studies, 17(4), 332-349.
McCandless, E. (2021). Critical evolutions in the peacebuilding-development praxis nexus: Crisis and complexity, synergy and transformation. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 16(2), 131-147.
McFall, K. (2022). The Needs of Others: Human Rights, International Organizations, and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994. UNC Press Books.
Menkhaus, K. (2018). Elite Bargains and Political Deals in Somalia. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Mohamed, A. H. (2024). Peace Education and Conflict Prevention in Somalia. Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU), 2(1), 51-77.
Mohamed, M. (2020). The GERD Dispute and Regional Water Politics. African Review of International Relations, 15(2), 102-118.
Mohamed, M. A. (2022). The role of international agencies in peacekeeping and conflict resolutions in Africa, a case of Somalia. Available at https://dspace.trakya.edu.tr/items/2b40c3a0-f592-449f-9d59-00069bccd4dc
Mohamoud–Barawani, M. A. (2021). Understanding the Clan Barriers and Religious Perspectives for Women Political Partic-ipation and Elections in Somaliland. Journal of Power, Politics & Governance, 9(2), 1-16.
Mudey, M. H., & Arshad, R. (2024). Corruption impedes good governance in Somalia’s public sector. Journal of Financial Crime. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jfc-07-2024-0225/full/html
Musau, D. M., Hamasi, L. H., & Mulu, F. (2023). Peace Support Operations and Sustainable Peace: African Union Contribution in Somalia State. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 56-69.
Musau, D. M., Hamasi, L. H., & Mulu, F. (2023). Peace Support Operations and Sustainable Peace: African Union Contribution in Somalia State. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 56-69.
Musau, D. M., Hamasi, L. H., & Mulu, F. (2023). Peace Support Operations and Sustainable Peace: African Union Contribution in Somalia State. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 56-69.
Musoma, A. L. (2021). Key Challenges Facing AMISOM in Military Diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. African Journal of Empirical Research, 2(1&2), 54-67.
Nor, M. I. (2024). Catalyzing Economic Transformation: Leveraging Development Policy Financing for Somalia's Sustainable Growth. Available at SSRN 4922969.
Nuh, M. A., & Kakuba, S. J. (2022). Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 6(3), 23-44.
Nur, A. O. (2024). The Role of Civil Society on State Building in Somalia. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12(12), 672-683.
Nyandong, M. A. D. (2023). The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Counterterrorism: A Case of African Union Mission in Somalia. Innovations in Peace and Security in Africa, 149-199.
OECD. (2022). The State of Fragility 2022: Addressing Drivers of Conflict and Insecurity. OECD Publishing.
Paul, A. (2021). A Relational Approach to Peacelearning through the Arts: A Participatory Action Research Study. The Ohio State University.
Raballand, G., Fiebelkorn, A., Heidenhof, G., & Schmidt, K. (2022). Reflections on the future role of the state in Somalia from the perspective of aid effectiveness. Development Policy Review, 40(1), e12549.
Raballand, G., Fiebelkorn, A., Heidenhof, G., & Schmidt, K. (2022). Reflections on the future role of the state in Somalia from the perspective of aid effectiveness. Development Policy Review, 40(1), e12549.
Reznikova, O. (2022). National resilience in a changing security environment. National Institute for Strategic Studies. https://doi. org/10.53679/NISS-book.
Small, A. (2020). The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics. Oxford University Press.
Stearns, J. (2021). Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the Congo Powers Our Lives. HarperCollins.
Steinwand, M. C. (2015). Foreign Aid and Political Stability. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(4), 401-424. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0738894214541227
Taherdoost, H. (2022). Designing a questionnaire for a research paper: A comprehensive guide to design and develop an effective questionnaire. Asian Journal of Managerial Science, 11(1), 8-16.
Taylor, R. (2022). The Politics of Aid and Fragile States: Power, Conditionality, and Influence. Palgrave Macmillan.
Tchie, A. E. Y. (2022). Waging Peace, towards an Africa Union Stabilisation Strategy for Somalia. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 25(3), 236-260.
UN (2023). United Nations Peacekeeping Budgets and Operations.
UNHCR (2022). Afghanistan: Humanitarian and Security Challenges.
Watson Institute (2021). Costs of War Project: U.S. Spending in Afghanistan.
Williams, P. D. (2022). Fighting for Peace in Somalia: AMISOM, the African Union, and the War against Al-Shabaab. Oxford University Press.
World Bank (2022). DRC: Economic and Institutional Reforms for Sustainable Stability.
World Bank. (2023). Building Resilience: Addressing Fragility and Conflict for Sustainable Development. World Bank Publications.
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Yihdego, Z., Rieu-Clarke, A., & Cascão, A. (2021). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Nile Basin: Implications for Transboundary Water Governance. Water International, 46(5), 629-646.
African Union (AU). (2022). ATMIS Transition Plan: A Path to Somali Security Ownership. Addis Ababa: AU Press.
Afyare, A. A. (2024). The Role of Good Governance in Conflict Resolution in Somali Politics. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4881365
Ahmed, A. A. (2024). Youth Participation in Peacebuilding in Somalia: Challenges and Opportunities. Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU), 2(1), 126-151.
Ahmed, H. M., Kithinji, M., & Miluwi, J. (2024). The Impact of International Support on Mediating Conflict and Stabilizing Somalia. Academic Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 12(3). Retrieved from https://ajsse.org/index.php/1/article/view/289
Assair, M. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Social Accountability on Good Governance: Case Study of Puntland, Somalia. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa, 8(4), 1-21.
Assair, M. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Social Accountability on Good Governance: Case Study of Puntland, Somalia. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa, 8(4), 1-21.
Barter, D., & Sumlut, G. M. (2023). The ‘conflict paradox’: humanitarian access, localisation, and (dis) empowerment in Myanmar, Somalia, and Somaliland. Disasters, 47(4), 849-869.
Blair, R. A., Karim, S., & Morse, B. S. (2022). "Establishing Order: Peacekeeping, Patronage, and the Legacies of Violence." American Political Science Review, 116(3), 1023-1041.
Canton, H. (2021). United Nations Political Missions and Peacebuilding. In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021 (pp. 266-283). Routledge.
Carment, D., & Samy, Y. (2023). Fragile States in the Global Economy: A Political Economy Perspective. Routledge.
Cervera. M. M. F. (2023). Somalia, a failed state. The participation of international organisations in the Horn of Africa (1992-2008). Available at https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/136982
Cheeseman, N. (2021). Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform. Cambridge University Press.
Cheng, C., Goodhand, J., & Meehan, P. (2023). Securing and Sustaining Elite Bargains that Reduce Violent Conflict. Oxford University Press.
Childs, S. J. (2019). Granting Security? U.S. Security Assistance Programs and Political Stability in the Greater Middle East and Africa. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 10(2), 157-182. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21520844.2019.1596649
Coleman, P. (2022). Validity and reliability within qualitative research for the caring sciences. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 14(3), 2041-2045.
Cordesman, A. (2021). Afghanistan: The Real World Choices in a Time of Transition. CSIS.
Cuhadar, E., & Druckman, D. (2024). Let the people speak! What kind of civil society inclusion leads to durable peace?. International Studies Perspectives, 25(3), 359-381.
De Waal, A. (2021). New Paths to Peace? The Role of Humanitarian Aid in Conflict Resolution. Cambridge University Press.
Elamin, M. O. I. (2023). Emerging Challenges in African Union's Peace and Security Strategy: A Comparative Analysis of UNAMID and AMISOM. International Journal, 10(3), 2277-2293.
Elder, C. (2022). Logistics contracts and the political economy of state failure: evidence from Somalia. African Affairs, 121(484), 395-417.
Engels, O., & Piombo, J. R. (2023). Climate Change and Peacebuilding: The Effects of Environmental Hazards on United Nations Missions in Mali and Somalia. Available at https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1213222.pdf
Essaw, D. W., Mensah, J. V., Anokye, N. A., Tenkorang, E. Y., Boateng, J. S., & Potakey, H. M. D. (2023). Governance for sustainable sand mining in two selected local government areas in the Central Region of Ghana. Society & Natural Resources, 1-20.
Fair, C. (2019). In Their Own Words: Understanding Lashkar-e-Tayyaba. Oxford University Press.
Farah, H. M., & Akinola, A. O. (2024). Regional Security and the Role of IGAD in Somalia. In IGAD and Multilateral Security in the Horn of Africa: Through the Lens of the Somali Conflict (pp. 179-217). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Financial Times. (2025). Can international aid survive in a crumbling world order? Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/b3667445-a242-46fb-bcb3-0a21386ce355
Ghai, Y. (2019). Somalia’s Security Challenges and Regional Implications. Journal of East African Studies, 13(3), 401-417.
Halabo, T. T., & Berisso, T. (2022). Conflict Dynamics Behind The State Failure And The Challenges To Peace-Building: The Case Of Somalia. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 38(1), 107-125.
Hansen, S. J. (2021). Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group. Hurst Publishers.
Hashi, M. B., & Barasa, T. (2023). Enhancing federal inter-governmental relations and state building in Somalia. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-10.
Hassan, I. H. (2023). The Role of The European Union (EU) in Promoting Regional Integration, Sustainable Development and Conflict Resolution in Somalia. Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU), 47-62.
Human Rights Watch (2023). DRC: Armed Groups and Government Abuses Persist.
Hussein, A. S. M. (2022). International community interventions in Somalia’s conflicts to promote peace and security: Amisom case. Available at https://acikerisim.ticaret.edu.tr/items/e79bff3a-1a8c-4e4c-a3a3-50f6eb85d46a
Hussein, M. M. (2023). Local governance: Concepts and roles of the contemporary society in Somalia. International Journal of Geopolitics and Governance, 2(1), 27-35.
Idriss, A., & Lacher, W. (2023). "Foreign Military Assistance and State Fragility in the Sahel." Journal of Modern African Studies, 61(1), 75-96.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2015). Central African Republic: The Roots of Violence.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2016). Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Challenges.
Ivanyi, K. (2024). Non-Governmental Armed Forces in East Africa in Comparative Perspective: State-making, War-making and Organized Crime. In Agents of Violence (pp. 51-115). Brill Schöningh.
Jain, N. (2021). Survey versus interviews: Comparing data collection tools for exploratory research. The Qualitative Report, 26(2), 541-554.
Kalu, U. C., & Okolie, A. M. N. (2023). United Nations Management of Conflicts: Perceptions on the International Consensus Mobilisation in Somalia Crisis. Journal of Somali Studies: Research on Somalia and the Greater Horn of African Countries, 10(1), 63-80.
Kamais, C. E., Okoth, P. G., & Kimokoti, S. N. (2024). Navigating the Transition Tightrope: Challenges Posed by African Union Mission in Somalia Transition on Kenya’s National Security. African Journal of Empirical Research, 5(2), 371-387.
Kamau, J. (2021). LAPSSET and Regional Trade: Kenya’s Economic Strategy in the Horn of Africa. African Development Review, 33(2), 189-205.
Kronstadt, K. A. (2020). Pakistan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 116th Congress. Congressional Research Service.
Liaga, E. A., & Habib, H. M. (2024). A Critical Assessment of the Challenges of the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS). In Development and Regional Stability in Africa: Unlocking Potential (pp. 51-64). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Mburu, N. (2019). Border Disputes in the Horn of Africa: Kenya and Ethiopia’s Historical and Contemporary Issues. Journal of African Policy Studies, 17(4), 332-349.
McCandless, E. (2021). Critical evolutions in the peacebuilding-development praxis nexus: Crisis and complexity, synergy and transformation. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 16(2), 131-147.
McFall, K. (2022). The Needs of Others: Human Rights, International Organizations, and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994. UNC Press Books.
Menkhaus, K. (2018). Elite Bargains and Political Deals in Somalia. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Mohamed, A. H. (2024). Peace Education and Conflict Prevention in Somalia. Multidisciplinary Journal of Horseed International University (MJHIU), 2(1), 51-77.
Mohamed, M. (2020). The GERD Dispute and Regional Water Politics. African Review of International Relations, 15(2), 102-118.
Mohamed, M. A. (2022). The role of international agencies in peacekeeping and conflict resolutions in Africa, a case of Somalia. Available at https://dspace.trakya.edu.tr/items/2b40c3a0-f592-449f-9d59-00069bccd4dc
Mohamoud–Barawani, M. A. (2021). Understanding the Clan Barriers and Religious Perspectives for Women Political Partic-ipation and Elections in Somaliland. Journal of Power, Politics & Governance, 9(2), 1-16.
Mudey, M. H., & Arshad, R. (2024). Corruption impedes good governance in Somalia’s public sector. Journal of Financial Crime. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jfc-07-2024-0225/full/html
Musau, D. M., Hamasi, L. H., & Mulu, F. (2023). Peace Support Operations and Sustainable Peace: African Union Contribution in Somalia State. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 56-69.
Musau, D. M., Hamasi, L. H., & Mulu, F. (2023). Peace Support Operations and Sustainable Peace: African Union Contribution in Somalia State. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 56-69.
Musau, D. M., Hamasi, L. H., & Mulu, F. (2023). Peace Support Operations and Sustainable Peace: African Union Contribution in Somalia State. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 56-69.
Musoma, A. L. (2021). Key Challenges Facing AMISOM in Military Diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. African Journal of Empirical Research, 2(1&2), 54-67.
Nor, M. I. (2024). Catalyzing Economic Transformation: Leveraging Development Policy Financing for Somalia's Sustainable Growth. Available at SSRN 4922969.
Nuh, M. A., & Kakuba, S. J. (2022). Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 6(3), 23-44.
Nur, A. O. (2024). The Role of Civil Society on State Building in Somalia. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12(12), 672-683.
Nyandong, M. A. D. (2023). The Nexus Between Peacekeeping and Counterterrorism: A Case of African Union Mission in Somalia. Innovations in Peace and Security in Africa, 149-199.
OECD. (2022). The State of Fragility 2022: Addressing Drivers of Conflict and Insecurity. OECD Publishing.
Paul, A. (2021). A Relational Approach to Peacelearning through the Arts: A Participatory Action Research Study. The Ohio State University.
Raballand, G., Fiebelkorn, A., Heidenhof, G., & Schmidt, K. (2022). Reflections on the future role of the state in Somalia from the perspective of aid effectiveness. Development Policy Review, 40(1), e12549.
Raballand, G., Fiebelkorn, A., Heidenhof, G., & Schmidt, K. (2022). Reflections on the future role of the state in Somalia from the perspective of aid effectiveness. Development Policy Review, 40(1), e12549.
Reznikova, O. (2022). National resilience in a changing security environment. National Institute for Strategic Studies. https://doi. org/10.53679/NISS-book.
Small, A. (2020). The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics. Oxford University Press.
Stearns, J. (2021). Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the Congo Powers Our Lives. HarperCollins.
Steinwand, M. C. (2015). Foreign Aid and Political Stability. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(4), 401-424. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0738894214541227
Taherdoost, H. (2022). Designing a questionnaire for a research paper: A comprehensive guide to design and develop an effective questionnaire. Asian Journal of Managerial Science, 11(1), 8-16.
Taylor, R. (2022). The Politics of Aid and Fragile States: Power, Conditionality, and Influence. Palgrave Macmillan.
Tchie, A. E. Y. (2022). Waging Peace, towards an Africa Union Stabilisation Strategy for Somalia. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 25(3), 236-260.
UN (2023). United Nations Peacekeeping Budgets and Operations.
UNHCR (2022). Afghanistan: Humanitarian and Security Challenges.
Watson Institute (2021). Costs of War Project: U.S. Spending in Afghanistan.
Williams, P. D. (2022). Fighting for Peace in Somalia: AMISOM, the African Union, and the War against Al-Shabaab. Oxford University Press.
World Bank (2022). DRC: Economic and Institutional Reforms for Sustainable Stability.
World Bank. (2023). Building Resilience: Addressing Fragility and Conflict for Sustainable Development. World Bank Publications.
Wright, W. A. (2004). Review of Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, by J. P. Lederach. Armed Forces & Society, 30(3), 491–495. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48608703
Yihdego, Z., Rieu-Clarke, A., & Cascão, A. (2021). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Nile Basin: Implications for Transboundary Water Governance. Water International, 46(5), 629-646.
