COMMUNITY STRATEGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE RUSTLING TRANSFORMATIONS IN BARINGO COUNTY, KENYA
Keywords:
Community Policing, Community Awareness, Community-Based Surveillance
Abstract
This study sought to analyse the effectiveness of community-based strategies in managing cattle rustling transformations in Baringo County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to examine influence of community policing adjustments in managing cattle rustling transformations in Baringo County; to assess community awareness programs adopted and their influence in managing cattle rustling transformations Baringo County; and to evaluate community-based surveillance programs and their influence in managing cattle rustling transformations in Baringo County. This study was anchored on situational crime prevention theory. The study employed a descriptive survey design using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was a study based on household heads, local chiefs and political leadership and a sample size of 398 respondents. The study respondents were selected by use of stratified purposive sampling and random sampling methods. The use of semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides as instruments was used to collect data. Statistical analysis (descriptive) and thematic analysis was used to analyse the quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The research revealed that cattle rustling in Baringo County had evolved beyond being a cultural activity to being a militarized, money making enterprise perpetuated by economic interests, urban demand, political patronage and unemployment among youths. Although community policing, awareness programs, and indigenous surveillance strategies played a positive role in enhancing vigilance and promoting reconciliation, their usefulness was hindered by a lack of resources, advanced weaponry, political interference, and infrastructural barriers. The research determined that community policing, awareness campaigns, and surveillance systems play the leading role in addressing cattle rustling transformation in Baringo County, and each has a significant potential in ensuring that security, social cohesion and vigilance are enhanced. Nonetheless, their performance was limited by systemic issues, and it is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of institutional support, outreach, and integration of indigenous practices with context-sensitive contemporary interventions. The research proposes a need to increase the government support on community policing, institutionalization of the awareness programme through the continuous sensitization and strengthening of the surveillance systems through integration of the indigenous practices with the flexible technologies, all anchored on the sustained institutional resourcing and coordinated community-state alliances.
References
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Aliyu, D. A., Ahmed, A., & Mustapha, D. H. (2024). An Assessment of Community-Based Security Strategies in Combating Armed Banditry in Jibia Local Government, Katsina State, Nigeria. Fuoye Journal of Criminology and Security Studies, 3(1).
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Andersson, M., Boateng, K., & Abos, P. (2024). Validity and Reliability: The extent to which your research findings are accurate and consistent. Civil Engineer and Researcher, 1(1), 1-7.
Anyasi, F., Stanley, U., David, M., I Idim, A., & Joshua, I. (2018). Design and implementation of a cattle grazing tracking and anti-theft alert GPS/GSM collar, leveraging on improvement in telecom and ICT infrastructure. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 1(2), 1-9.
Associated Press (Ed.). (2023, April 20). Mali Livestock Theft Rising. Voice of America. https://www.voaafrica.com/a/7058548.html
Aucoin, C., & Mahmood, Omar. S. (2017, November 23). Cattle rustling on the rise across Africa. ENACT Africa. https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/cattle-rustling-on-the-rise-across-africa.
Berger, F. (2023). LOCKED HORNS; Cattle rustling and Mali’s war economy. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Brandes, H. (2016, April). Oklahoma lawmakers aim to increase cattle rustling penalties. Oklahoma senators seek tougher cattle rustling penalties Down-and-out rustlers believed to be funding meth, heroin habits. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oklahoma-rustling-idUSKCN0X92RT/
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Carter, J. G., & Fox, B. (2019). Community policing and intelligence-led policing. Policing: An International Journal, 42(1), 43–58.
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Cheserek G. J, Omondi P. & Odenyo V. A. O. (2012). Nature and causes of cattle rustling among some Pastoral Communities in Kenya. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3 (2): 173-179.
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Clarke, R. V. (1995). Situational crime prevention. Crime and Justice, 91-150.
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Deo G., Nelson, A.l, & Andrew, K. (2019). Vanishing herds. Cattle rustling in East Africa and the Horn. ENACT. Issue 10 | December 2019.
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Glowacki, L., & Wrangham, R. (2015). Warfare and reproductive success in a tribal population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(2), 348-353.
Greiner, C. (2013). Guns, land, and votes: Cattle rustling and the politics of boundary (re)making in Northern Kenya. African Affairs, 112(447), 216–237.
Gumba, D. E. O. (2020, February 28). Cattle rustling: from cultural practice to deadly organised crime - South Sudan | ReliefWeb. Reliefweb.int. https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/cattle-rustling-cultural-practice-deadly-organised-crime
Gumba, D., Alusala, N., & Kimani, A. (2019). Vanishing herds. Cattle rustling in East Africa and the Horn.
Kaimba, G. K., Njehia, B. K., & Guliye, A. Y. (2011). Effects of cattle rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst pastoralists in Baringo District, Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 1(1), 18.
Kaprom, T. P. (2013). Effects of cattle rustling on economic development: A case of Masol Location, West Pokot County. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Nairobi.
Kimani, A. G. (2021). Gender Transformation in Cattle Rustling and Its Implications on Security Management in West Pokot County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Kimani, J. (2021). Changes in cattle rustling on gender relations among the Pokot in West Pokot, Kenya. Path of Science, 7(5), 4027-4037.
Koringura, C.J. (2024). Communities as Victims of Inter-Cattle Rustling Gangs in the Northern Regions of Kenya and Uganda. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 13 (6), 18-23
Kudo, Y. (2020). Maintaining law and order: Welfare implications from village vigilante groups in northern Tanzania. Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, 178, 607–628.
Kuol L.B.D (2017). Dinka youth in civil war: between cattle, community, and government. In: Madut J.J, Schomerus M, Kuol L.B.D, Breidlid I.M, Arensen M.J (eds) Informal armies: community defence groups in South Sudan’s Civil War. Saferworld, pp 1–6 https://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/informal-armies-final.pdf
Langat, A. (2016, December 27). Why Kenya’s cattle raids are getting deadlier. Features |Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/12/27/why-kenyas-cattle-raids-are-getting-deadlier
Lekimain, M. J. (2020). Effects of cattle rustling on community livelihood in Baragoi Sub-County, Samburu County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, St. Paul's University).
Lohmuller, M. (2017, September 20). Cattle rustling a growing concern in Nicaragua. InSight Crime. https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/cattle-rustling-growing-concern-nicaragua/
Lomoywara, K. M. (2018). Transformation of cattle rustling in West Pokot County, Kenya 1895-2000 (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Maina, S. (2024). Policy approaches to combat livestock theft and enhance security. International Journal of Livestock Policy, 3(1), 43–54.
Marar, S., Hamza, M. A., Ayyash, M., & Abu-Shaheen, A. (2023). Development and validation of an instrument to assess the knowledge and perceptions of predatory journals. Heliyon, 9(11).
Marigat, S. K. (2023). Managing cattle rustling by Enhancing Police–Community Cooperation in the Karamoja Cluster: Lessons from Baringo, Kenya. African Security Review, 1–18.
Markakis, J. (2013). Conflict and the decline of Pastoralism in the Horn of Africa. Macmillan: London.
Matiko, C. N., & Hamasi, L. (2022). Community-Based Strategies of Controlling Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in West Pokot County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(10), 34-48.
Melil, K. M. (2018). Understanding Cattle Rustling and The Role of Indigenous Conflict Resolution Mechanisms Among the Tugen, Ilchamus and Pokot of Baringo County, 2000-2015 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Mkutu, K., (2008). Pastoral conflict and small arms and light weapons: The Kenya-Uganda border region. London: Saferworld.
Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G. (2013). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Acts Press.
Mulrooney, K., & Harkness, A. (2023). Farm crime and security: Evaluating smart tag technology for preventing, tracking and recovering stolen livestock. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 8(1), 107–123.
Musau, D. M., Ichani, F. X., & Mulu, F. (2023). Assessment of banditry, cattle rustling and insecurity nexus in north west Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(4), 132-148.
Mutethya, E. (2022, March 1). Banditry, cattle rustling become security concern in Africa. Global.chinadaily.com.cn. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202203/01/WS621dd27ca310cdd39bc89944.html
Muthike, N. (2016). The Impact of Illicit Arms on Security: A Case Study of Cattle Rustling in Northern Kenya. [Unpublished Thesis]. University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Mutsotso, B., Tallam, S., & Nthiga, S. (2025). Women and cattle rustling: A case study of Pokot women in North Western Kenya. Eastern Africa Journal of Contemporary Research, 2025(1), 1–18.
Mwangi, P. (2021). The role of community-based security in mitigating cattle rustling in Laikipia County. Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies.
Odary, K. V., Komba, E., & Nyamato, W. (2020). Reviewing the role of women pastoralist in conflicts in the Horn of Africa. African Journal of Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, 3(5), 142-151.
Ojewale, O. (2024). Cattle rustling pushes Central African communities to the brink. ENACT Africa.
Okoli, A. C., & Ioryer, P. (2014). Terrorism and humanitarian crisis in Nigeria: Insights from Boko Haram insurgency. Global Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 39-50.
Okumu, W. (2020). Cattle rustling: From cultural practice to deadly organised crime. Institute for Security Studies.
Samani, E., & Oshibanjo, D. O. (2022). Taking Advantage of Global Positioning System to Tackle the Prevailing Rustling of Cattle in Nigeria: A Review. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 1482-1485.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 7th Edition, Wiley & Sons, West Sussex.
Skoggard, I., & Adem, T. A. (2010). From raiders to rustlers: The filial disaffection of a Turkana age-set. Ethnology: An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, 49(4), 249-262.
Taylor, B. G., Liu, W., Maitra, P., Koper, C. S., Sheridan, J., & Johnson, W. (2024). The effects of community-infused problem-oriented policing in crime hot spots based on police data: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 20(4), 317–345.
Versity, B. (2021). Women in Cattle Rustling, Myth or Reality: A Case Study of Turkana and Borana of Isiolo County, Kenya. Unpublished Master’s thesis, United States International University (USIU)-Africa. Nairobi, Kenya.
Wild, H., Jok, J. M., & Patel, R. (2018). The militarization of cattle raiding in South Sudan: How a traditional practice became a tool for political violence. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 3(1), 1–11.
Zikhali, W. (2019). Community policing and crime prevention: Evaluating the role of traditional leaders under Chief Madliwa in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(4), 109-; 122.
Achumani, C., & Oloo Ong'ong'a, D. (2024). The Role of Community Radios in Changing Perceptions of Cattle Rustling Communities in Turkana County, Kenya. African Journal of Empirical Research, 5(3), 1-13.
Aliyu, D. A., Ahmed, A., & Mustapha, D. H. (2024). An Assessment of Community-Based Security Strategies in Combating Armed Banditry in Jibia Local Government, Katsina State, Nigeria. Fuoye Journal of Criminology and Security Studies, 3(1).
Ahmadu, H. J. (2019). Insight into the dynamics and menace of cattle rustling: A case study of lake chad basin area in Northern Nigeria. World Journal of Social Science Research, 6(1), 18.
Andersson, M., Boateng, K., & Abos, P. (2024). Validity and Reliability: The extent to which your research findings are accurate and consistent. Civil Engineer and Researcher, 1(1), 1-7.
Anyasi, F., Stanley, U., David, M., I Idim, A., & Joshua, I. (2018). Design and implementation of a cattle grazing tracking and anti-theft alert GPS/GSM collar, leveraging on improvement in telecom and ICT infrastructure. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 1(2), 1-9.
Associated Press (Ed.). (2023, April 20). Mali Livestock Theft Rising. Voice of America. https://www.voaafrica.com/a/7058548.html
Aucoin, C., & Mahmood, Omar. S. (2017, November 23). Cattle rustling on the rise across Africa. ENACT Africa. https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/cattle-rustling-on-the-rise-across-africa.
Berger, F. (2023). LOCKED HORNS; Cattle rustling and Mali’s war economy. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Brandes, H. (2016, April). Oklahoma lawmakers aim to increase cattle rustling penalties. Oklahoma senators seek tougher cattle rustling penalties Down-and-out rustlers believed to be funding meth, heroin habits. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oklahoma-rustling-idUSKCN0X92RT/
Bunei, E. K., McElwee, G., & Smith, R. (2016). From bush to butchery: cattle rustling as an entrepreneurial process in Kenya. Society and Business review, 11(1), 46-61.
Carter, J. G., & Fox, B. (2019). Community policing and intelligence-led policing. Policing: An International Journal, 42(1), 43–58.
Chepyegon, S. (2023). Cattle Rustling and Insecurity: a Case Study of Baringo County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Cheserek G. J, Omondi P. & Odenyo V. A. O. (2012). Nature and causes of cattle rustling among some Pastoral Communities in Kenya. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3 (2): 173-179.
Clarke, R. (2023). Cattle rustling remains ’one of Great mysteries of the range. Canadian cattlemen. https://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/features/cattle-rustling-remains-one-of-great-mysteries-of-the-range/
Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2014) Business Research Methods. 12th Edition, McGraw Hill International Edition, New York.
Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. (2010). Understanding Crime Displacement: An Application of Rational Choice Theory (1987). In Classics in Environmental Criminology (pp. 367-380). Routledge.
Clarke, R. V. (1995). Situational crime prevention. Crime and Justice, 91-150.
Daghar, M., & Okumu, W. (2021, October). Cattle rustling: A flourishing illicit market in East Africa. ENACT Africa. https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/cattle-rustling-a-flourishing-illicit-market-in-east-africa
Deo G., Nelson, A.l, & Andrew, K. (2019). Vanishing herds. Cattle rustling in East Africa and the Horn. ENACT. Issue 10 | December 2019.
Eck, J. E., & Clarke, R. V. (2019). Situational crime prevention: Theory, practice and evidence. In Handbook on crime and deviance (pp. 355-376). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Eneyew, B. G., & Ayalew, M. (2023). The role and challenges of indigenous conflict resolution mechanism: The case of Aboled in Borena Woreda, Northeast Ethiopia. Heliyon, 9(6).
Gard, W. (2020). Cattle rustling. Texas State Historical Association. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cattle-rustling
Glowacki, L., & Wrangham, R. (2015). Warfare and reproductive success in a tribal population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(2), 348-353.
Greiner, C. (2013). Guns, land, and votes: Cattle rustling and the politics of boundary (re)making in Northern Kenya. African Affairs, 112(447), 216–237.
Gumba, D. E. O. (2020, February 28). Cattle rustling: from cultural practice to deadly organised crime - South Sudan | ReliefWeb. Reliefweb.int. https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/cattle-rustling-cultural-practice-deadly-organised-crime
Gumba, D., Alusala, N., & Kimani, A. (2019). Vanishing herds. Cattle rustling in East Africa and the Horn.
Kaimba, G. K., Njehia, B. K., & Guliye, A. Y. (2011). Effects of cattle rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst pastoralists in Baringo District, Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 1(1), 18.
Kaprom, T. P. (2013). Effects of cattle rustling on economic development: A case of Masol Location, West Pokot County. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Nairobi.
Kimani, A. G. (2021). Gender Transformation in Cattle Rustling and Its Implications on Security Management in West Pokot County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Kimani, J. (2021). Changes in cattle rustling on gender relations among the Pokot in West Pokot, Kenya. Path of Science, 7(5), 4027-4037.
Koringura, C.J. (2024). Communities as Victims of Inter-Cattle Rustling Gangs in the Northern Regions of Kenya and Uganda. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 13 (6), 18-23
Kudo, Y. (2020). Maintaining law and order: Welfare implications from village vigilante groups in northern Tanzania. Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, 178, 607–628.
Kuol L.B.D (2017). Dinka youth in civil war: between cattle, community, and government. In: Madut J.J, Schomerus M, Kuol L.B.D, Breidlid I.M, Arensen M.J (eds) Informal armies: community defence groups in South Sudan’s Civil War. Saferworld, pp 1–6 https://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/informal-armies-final.pdf
Langat, A. (2016, December 27). Why Kenya’s cattle raids are getting deadlier. Features |Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/12/27/why-kenyas-cattle-raids-are-getting-deadlier
Lekimain, M. J. (2020). Effects of cattle rustling on community livelihood in Baragoi Sub-County, Samburu County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, St. Paul's University).
Lohmuller, M. (2017, September 20). Cattle rustling a growing concern in Nicaragua. InSight Crime. https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/cattle-rustling-growing-concern-nicaragua/
Lomoywara, K. M. (2018). Transformation of cattle rustling in West Pokot County, Kenya 1895-2000 (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Maina, S. (2024). Policy approaches to combat livestock theft and enhance security. International Journal of Livestock Policy, 3(1), 43–54.
Marar, S., Hamza, M. A., Ayyash, M., & Abu-Shaheen, A. (2023). Development and validation of an instrument to assess the knowledge and perceptions of predatory journals. Heliyon, 9(11).
Marigat, S. K. (2023). Managing cattle rustling by Enhancing Police–Community Cooperation in the Karamoja Cluster: Lessons from Baringo, Kenya. African Security Review, 1–18.
Markakis, J. (2013). Conflict and the decline of Pastoralism in the Horn of Africa. Macmillan: London.
Matiko, C. N., & Hamasi, L. (2022). Community-Based Strategies of Controlling Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in West Pokot County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(10), 34-48.
Melil, K. M. (2018). Understanding Cattle Rustling and The Role of Indigenous Conflict Resolution Mechanisms Among the Tugen, Ilchamus and Pokot of Baringo County, 2000-2015 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Mkutu, K., (2008). Pastoral conflict and small arms and light weapons: The Kenya-Uganda border region. London: Saferworld.
Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G. (2013). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Acts Press.
Mulrooney, K., & Harkness, A. (2023). Farm crime and security: Evaluating smart tag technology for preventing, tracking and recovering stolen livestock. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 8(1), 107–123.
Musau, D. M., Ichani, F. X., & Mulu, F. (2023). Assessment of banditry, cattle rustling and insecurity nexus in north west Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(4), 132-148.
Mutethya, E. (2022, March 1). Banditry, cattle rustling become security concern in Africa. Global.chinadaily.com.cn. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202203/01/WS621dd27ca310cdd39bc89944.html
Muthike, N. (2016). The Impact of Illicit Arms on Security: A Case Study of Cattle Rustling in Northern Kenya. [Unpublished Thesis]. University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Mutsotso, B., Tallam, S., & Nthiga, S. (2025). Women and cattle rustling: A case study of Pokot women in North Western Kenya. Eastern Africa Journal of Contemporary Research, 2025(1), 1–18.
Mwangi, P. (2021). The role of community-based security in mitigating cattle rustling in Laikipia County. Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies.
Odary, K. V., Komba, E., & Nyamato, W. (2020). Reviewing the role of women pastoralist in conflicts in the Horn of Africa. African Journal of Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, 3(5), 142-151.
Ojewale, O. (2024). Cattle rustling pushes Central African communities to the brink. ENACT Africa.
Okoli, A. C., & Ioryer, P. (2014). Terrorism and humanitarian crisis in Nigeria: Insights from Boko Haram insurgency. Global Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 39-50.
Okumu, W. (2020). Cattle rustling: From cultural practice to deadly organised crime. Institute for Security Studies.
Samani, E., & Oshibanjo, D. O. (2022). Taking Advantage of Global Positioning System to Tackle the Prevailing Rustling of Cattle in Nigeria: A Review. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 1482-1485.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 7th Edition, Wiley & Sons, West Sussex.
Skoggard, I., & Adem, T. A. (2010). From raiders to rustlers: The filial disaffection of a Turkana age-set. Ethnology: An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, 49(4), 249-262.
Taylor, B. G., Liu, W., Maitra, P., Koper, C. S., Sheridan, J., & Johnson, W. (2024). The effects of community-infused problem-oriented policing in crime hot spots based on police data: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 20(4), 317–345.
Versity, B. (2021). Women in Cattle Rustling, Myth or Reality: A Case Study of Turkana and Borana of Isiolo County, Kenya. Unpublished Master’s thesis, United States International University (USIU)-Africa. Nairobi, Kenya.
Wild, H., Jok, J. M., & Patel, R. (2018). The militarization of cattle raiding in South Sudan: How a traditional practice became a tool for political violence. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 3(1), 1–11.
Zikhali, W. (2019). Community policing and crime prevention: Evaluating the role of traditional leaders under Chief Madliwa in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(4), 109-; 122.
