STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND YOUTH ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT FUND
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF YOUTH EMPOWERMENT IN KIRINYAGA COUNTY
Keywords:
Strategic Risk Management, Youth Enterprise Development Fund, Youth empowerment
Abstract
Youth empowerment is a critical and a noble course at the global, regional, and local level aimed to improve the livelihood of the youths. Kenya, as one of the countries that embrace youth empowerment, has created structures, including the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) to propel youth empowerment across regions, but the success of such a structure depends on strategic management practices. The present research aims at investigating the relationship between strategic management practices and youth empowerment on youth enterprise development fund (YEDF) in Kirinyaga County. The objective is to examine the influence of strategic risk management practices on Youth Enterprise Development Fund on youth empowerment in Kirinyaga County. The study is guided by various theoretical frameworks, including Theory of Strategic Management, The Empowerment Theory. The descriptive research design was used to achieve the aim of the study. A purposive sample of 70 participants (10 YEDF staff, 10 representatives of the partners and 50 youth representatives) was identified to be interviewed in-depth in relation to the study objectives. Thematic analysis found out that risk management influence youth enterprise fund and positively affect the youth empowerment. The study concluded that risk management should be put consideration.
References
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Kiplagat, D. K., & Makori, D. (2024). Firm characteristics and financial performance of businesses funded by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Baringo County, Kenya. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 6(22), 53–69.
Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Mabururu, A., & Wekesa, H. (2020). Effect of the structure & implementation framework of Youth Enterprise Development Fund on its uptake among the youth in Bungoma County. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science.
Maina, R. J. (2018). Influence of Youth Enterprise Development Fund Efficacy on the Financial Performance of Youth-Owned Enterprises in Kirinyaga County (Doctoral dissertation, Karatina University).
Maisiba, F. M., & George, E. G. (2015). The role of Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) in job creation: A case of Dagoretti Constituency, Nairobi County. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting
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Mbugua, C., Kanyinga, K., & Mbatia, P. (2025). A reflection on challenges affecting youth empowerment programmes in Kenya. Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology, 24(1), 107–121.
Mburu, M. (2019). Management challenges facing the implementation of youth development projects in Kenya: A case of youth enterprise funded projects in Nairobi County. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management.
McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282.
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Mwaniki, P. N., Makori, D., & Irungu, A. M. (2024). Lender specific factors and repayment of individual loans provided by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Embu County, Kenya. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 6(3), 11–22.
Ngei, F. M. (2023). Assessing the contribution of Youth Enterprise Development Fund in creating employment opportunities: A case of Embakasi West Constituency. Daystar University (Master’s thesis).
Njumwa, W. H. (2017). Strategic management practices and challenges at the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) of Kenya (Doctoral thesis). University of Nairobi.
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Sikenyi, M. (2017). Does Kenya’s Youth Enterprise Development Fund serve young people? IDS Bulletin, 48(3). https://doi.org/10.19088/1968‑2017.131
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Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
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Adomi, M. (2019). Strategic Partnerships and their Role in MSME Growth in East Africa. Journal of African Business, 20(3), 243–257.
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Aming’a, A. V., & Jagongo, A. (2023). Loan default and performance of Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Dagoretti South Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya. International Academic Journals.
Aming’a, A. V., & Jagongo, A. (2024). Loan default and performance of Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Dagoretti South Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya. International Academic Journals.
Asamba, H. (2017). Strategies employed in uptake of Youth Enterprise Development Fund loans in Embakasi South Constituency, Nairobi City County (Unpublished thesis). Kenyatta University. ir-library.ku.ac.ke+1strategicjournals.com+1
Auditor General. (2022). Report of the Auditor-General on the Youth Enterprise Development Fund. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Austin, J. E. (2000). The Collaboration Challenge: How Nonprofits and Businesses Succeed through Strategic Alliances. Jossey‑Bass.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2002). Government–nonprofit partnership. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 12(3), 423–431.
Bryson, J. M. (2018). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement (5th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Business Daily (2020). Census: 39 Pct of Kenyan Youths are Unemployed. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/census-39pc-of-kenya-youth-are-unemployed-2281430
Cheburet, A. K., & Koori, J. (2024). Financial management skills and utilization of Youth Enterprise Development Fund among youth groups in Baringo South Constituency, Kenya. Journal of Finance and Accounting.
Chesbrough, H. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press.
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (2003). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128–152.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
David, F. R., & David, F. R. (2023). Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases (18th ed.). Pearson.
Digital Opportunity Trust. (2022). About Digital Opportunity Trust.
DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160.
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65–91.
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman.
Gathitu, C. W., Mukulu, E., & Kihoro, J. (2021). Influence of Youth Enterprise Development Fund-sponsored entrepreneurship skills training on growth of entrepreneurial youth group-based enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project Management, 5(1), 45–67.
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
Gulati, R. (1998). Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), 293–317.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Lee, H. (2021). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases: Competitiveness and Globalization. Nelson Education.
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. (2024). Economic effects of Youth Enterprise Development Fund on beneficiaries in peri‑urban settings in Kenya. IJRISS.
International Labour Organization. (2023). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2023. https://www.ilo.org
Jonathan Jackson Foundation. (2020). Jonathan Jackson Foundation publications on youth empowerment.
Kemunto, R. H. (2014). Impact of the Youth Enterprise Development Fund on the Performance of Youth-Owned Enterprises in Kenya: The Case of Ruaraka Constituency, Nairobi County (Master’s thesis). University of Nairobi.
Ken-Netherlands Partnership. (2019). Partnerships: Creating opportunities for youth. Africa Renewal. Retrieved from un.org
Kenya Climate Innovation Center & Youth Fund. (2019). MOU on Agribusiness & Clean Energy Entrepreneurship. Retrieved from kenyacic.org
Kenya Climate Innovation Center. (2019). KCIC partners with Youth Fund to promote entrepreneurship. Retrieved from kenyacic.org
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2020). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census – Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics. https://www.knbs.or.ke
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Economic Survey 2021. Nairobi: KNBS.
Kenya National Treasury. (2022). Kirinyaga County Iko Talent Fund Act.
Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA). (2025, February 26). Driving job creation, SME growth, and youth empowerment through digital innovation (Twende Digital). Retrieved from kepsa.or.ke+2kepsa.or.ke+2kepsa.or.ke+2
KEPSA. (2025, April 29). TVET‑E project launches to bridge skills gap and boost youth employment through industry linkages and entrepreneurship training. Retrieved from kepsa.or.ke
Kinderis, R., & Jucevičius, G. (2013). Strategic alliances–their definition and formation. Latgale National Economy Research, 1(5), 106-128.
Kiplagat, D. K., & Makori, D. (2024). Firm characteristics and financial performance of businesses funded by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Baringo County, Kenya. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 6(22), 53–69.
Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Mabururu, A., & Wekesa, H. (2020). Effect of the structure & implementation framework of Youth Enterprise Development Fund on its uptake among the youth in Bungoma County. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science.
Maina, R. J. (2018). Influence of Youth Enterprise Development Fund Efficacy on the Financial Performance of Youth-Owned Enterprises in Kirinyaga County (Doctoral dissertation, Karatina University).
Maisiba, F. M., & George, E. G. (2015). The role of Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) in job creation: A case of Dagoretti Constituency, Nairobi County. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting
Maurice Sikenyi. (2017). Strengthening Kenya’s Youth Enterprise Development Fund to Serve Young People (IDS Policy Briefing No. 133).
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). A Realist Approach for Qualitative Research. Sage Publications.
Mbugua, C., Kanyinga, K., & Mbatia, P. (2025). A reflection on challenges affecting youth empowerment programmes in Kenya. Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology, 24(1), 107–121.
Mburu, M. (2019). Management challenges facing the implementation of youth development projects in Kenya: A case of youth enterprise funded projects in Nairobi County. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management.
McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282.
Ministry of Youth Affairs. (2023). Youth Empowerment Status Report. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.
Mwaniki, P. N., Makori, D., & Irungu, A. M. (2024). Lender specific factors and repayment of individual loans provided by Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Embu County, Kenya. African Journal of Emerging Issues, 6(3), 11–22.
Ngei, F. M. (2023). Assessing the contribution of Youth Enterprise Development Fund in creating employment opportunities: A case of Embakasi West Constituency. Daystar University (Master’s thesis).
Njumwa, W. H. (2017). Strategic management practices and challenges at the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) of Kenya (Doctoral thesis). University of Nairobi.
Nyamu, C. T. (2015). Entrepreneurship Training and Development and Growth of Youth Enterprises: Case Study of Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF), Kajiado North Constituency (Master’s thesis). University of Nairobi.
Obiero, S. O., & Njoroge, J. G. (2025). Risk mitigation as a way of implementing county integrated development plan in Homa Bay County, Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 12 (4), 380 – 409.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569–579.
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. Harper & Row.
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. Free Press.
Scott, W. R. (1995). Institutions and Organizations. Sage.
Sikenyi, M. (2017). Does Kenya’s youth enterprise development fund serve young people?.
Sikenyi, M. (2017). Does Kenya’s Youth Enterprise Development Fund serve young people? IDS Bulletin, 48(3). https://doi.org/10.19088/1968‑2017.131
Sonntag, K., & Sherrill, W. (2018). Youth-led MSMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of networks and alliances. African Development Review, 30(S1), 112–127.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Sage Publications.
Tidd, J., & Bessant, J. (2018). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change (6th ed.). Wiley.
Tjemkes, B., Vos, P., & Burgers, K. (2023). Strategic alliance management. Routledge.
Tudhופי, J. (2019). Chama structures in Kenya: Implications for youth enterprise funding. African Cooperative Review. en.wikipedia.org
UNDP. (2023). Human Development Report 2023. https://hdr.undp.org
UNESCAP. (2015). Youth Entrepreneurship Facility – Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Retrieved from yptoolbox.unescapsdd.org
UN-Habitat, & Government of Kenya. (2018). UN-Habitat and Government of Kenya partnership to empower urban youth economically.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2023). Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023. https://www.undp.org
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN‑Habitat). (2018, March 1). UN‑Habitat and Government of Kenya enter partnership to Empower Urban Youth Economically. Retrieved from unhabitat.org
Wanjiru, C., Mukulu, E., & Kihoro, J. (2023). Influence of Youth Enterprise Development Fund sponsored entrepreneurship skills training on the growth of youth group‑based enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project Management.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180.
Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (2020). Strategic Management and Business Policy: Globalization, Innovation, and Sustainability (16th ed.). Pearson.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
Youth Enterprise Development Fund Board. (2016). Board performance report: Enterprise risk framework & digital transformation.
Youth Enterprise Development Fund. (2022). Strategic Plan 2022–2027. Nairobi: YEDF Secretariat.
Youth Enterprise Development Fund. (n.d.). About YEDF. Retrieved from unhabitat.org+6youthfund.go.ke+6kenpro.org+6
Youth Fund. (2023). About Youth Enterprise Development Fund. Government of Kenya.
Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational, and community levels of analysis. In Handbook of Community Psychology (pp. 43–63). Springer.
