LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF LAIKIPIA, KENYA
Keywords:
Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Participative Leadership, Servant Leadership
Abstract
This study aimed investigated how different styles of leadership relate with employee engagement levels in Laikipia County. The research sought to assess how transformational leadership, transactional leadership ,participative leadership and servant leadership impacts employee engagement, and analyze the overall effect of leadership styles on employee engagement and service delivery in the County Government of Laikipia. The research was grounded in Situational Leadership Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory, and Servant Leadership Theory as its theoretical framework. The study adopted a descriptive survey design to examine all employees within the Laikipia County Government, various departments. The study targeted 3,580 employees, with a sample size of 360 determined using Yamane’s formula. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure equal representation from different departments. Data was collected using Likert-scale questionnaires distributed to employees across departments. Descriptive statistics, in combination with regression analysis, were used to analyze the data, and the findings presented in tables and figures to support the research objectives. The descriptive results revealed varying levels of agreement, neutrality and disagreement regarding the different items assessing each variable. The regression results revealed that leadership styles comprising of transformational, participative and servant leadership positively and significantly affects employee engagement in Laikipia County Government. Transactional leadership style had a positive but insignificant effect on employee engagement. The study concluded that enhancing aspects of leadership styles in the operations of the county government of Laikipia leads to enhanced levels of employee engagement. The study recommends that the County Government of Laikipia enhance employee engagement by strengthening transformational, transactional, and participative leadership through mentorship programs, inclusive decision-making, transparent rewards, and open communication.
References
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Liu, W., & Gumah, B. (2020). Leadership style and self-efficacy: The influences of feedback. Journal of psychology in Africa, 30(4), 289-294.
Mahfouz, S. A. (2019). The impact of transactional leadership on employee commitment. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 8(8), 1-13.
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Maundu, M., Namusonge, G. S., & Simiyu, A. N. (2020). Effect of transactional leadership style on employee engagement.
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Ouko, J. A. (2022). Effects of transformational leadership on employee performance in the Kenyan banking industry: a case of ABSA bank Nairobi, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Africa Nazarene University).
Ozturk, A., Karatepe, O. M., & Okumus, F. (2021). The effect of servant leadership on hotel employees’ behavioral consequences: Work engagement versus job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97, 102994.
Peng, J., Hou, N., Zou, Y., & Long, R. (2023). Participative leadership and employees’ cyberloafing: A self-concept-based theory perspective. Information & Management, 60(8), 103878.
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Saks, A. M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 19-38.
Setiawan, R., Cavaliere, L. P. L., Navarro, E. R., Wisetsri, W., Jirayus, P., Chauhan, S., ... & Rajan, R. (2021). The impact of leadership styles on employees productivity in organizations: A comparative study among leadership styles. Productivity Management, 26(1), 382-404.
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Widodo, D. S., Silitonga, P. E. S., & Azahra, D. (2019). The influence of transactional leadership to employee job motivation and satisfaction in Jakarta stock exchange. International Journal of Governmental Studies and Humanities, 2(1), 38-46.
Young, T. J. (2015). Questionnaires and surveys. Research methods in intercultural communication: A practical guide, 163-180.
Zeeshan, S., Ng, S. I., Ho, J. A., & Jantan, A. H. (2021). Assessing the impact of servant leadership on employee engagement through the mediating role of self-efficacy in the Pakistani banking sector. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1963029.
African Development Bank (2020). Workplace engagement and economic growth in Africa: Challenges and solutions. African Development Bank Group.
Akanji, B., Mordi, C., & Okafor, C. (2020). Transactional leadership and employee engagement: The mediating role of motivation in public sector organizations. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 8(2), 123–135.
Alarifi, G., & Adam, N. A. (2023). The role of participatory leadership and employee innovative behavior on SMEs’ endurance. Sustainability, 15(3), 2740.
Alonderiene, R., & Majauskaite, M. (2016). Leadership style and job satisfaction in higher education institutions. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(1), 140-164.
AlOqlah, R. M. A. (2021). The effect of leadership styles on improving communication method among academic administrators. Kıbrıslı Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 396-410.
Aziedjo, A. (2024). The impact of career development on employee engagement and retention. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Research, 12(2), 1776-1784.
Barasa, B. L., & Kariuki, A. (2020). Transformation leadership style and employee job satisfaction in county government of Kakamega, Kenya. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 9(5), 100-108.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction. Pearson Education Inc.
Breevaart, K., & Bakker, A. B. (2018). How leaders influence employees’ daily work engagement. Leadership Quarterly, 29(2), 309–321
Burns JM (1978). Leadership. Harper and Row. New York, USA.
Cai, M., Wang, M., & Cheng, J. (2024). The effect of servant leadership on work engagement: The role of employee resilience and organizational support. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 300.
Canavesi, A., & Minelli, E. (2022). Servant leadership and employee engagement: A qualitative study. Employee responsibilities and rights journal, 34(4), 413-435.
Chan, S. C. (2019). Participative leadership and job satisfaction: The mediating role of work engagement and the moderating role of fun experienced at work. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(3), 319-333.
Cheluget, J., Komu, M., & Kibe, J. (2019). Effects of Organization Structure, Leadership Style in Management Decision Making: A Case Study of Airline „A‟ in Kenya.
Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA). (2022). County revenue allocation and budget oversight report. Nairobi, Kenya.
County Government of Laikipia. (2023). Laikipia County Government Annual Report. Laikipia, Kenya.
Crews, E. R., Brouwers, M., & Visagie, J. C. (2019). Transformational and transactional leadership effects on communication styles. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 29(5), 421-428.
Fatoki, O. (2023). Participative Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Empowerment and Work Engagement. Foundations of Management, 15(1), 161-176.
Fouad, M. (2019). Impact of leadership style on employee job satisfaction in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, 13(1), 1-12.
Gitonga, C. K., Egessa, R., & Tibbs, C. (2024). Effect of Career Development on Talent Engagement in Selected Private Technical and Vocational Education Training Institutions in Kenya. African Journal of Empirical Research, 5(4), 1252-1265.
Guyo, S. H., & Mutumbu, W. L. (2019). Career advancement influence on employee engagement. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 24(6), 60-65.
Hussein, B., Ibrahim, M. S., & Ismael, F. (2022). The influence of perceived leadership Styles on employee commitment: The mediating role of conflict management. International Journal of Humanities and Education Development (IJHED), 4(1), 43-60.
Irianto, A., & Basbeth, F. (2021). The Effect of Transformational Leadership’S on Employee Engagement: the Moderating Role of Organizational Culture. Researchgate. Net,(July).
Jiatong, W., Wang, Z., Alam, M., Murad, M., Gul, F., & Gill, S. A. (2022). The impact of transformational leadership on affective organizational commitment and job performance: the mediating role of employee engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 831060.
Juyumaya, J., & Torres, J. P. (2022). Effects of transformational leadership and work engagement on managers’ creative performance. Baltic Journal of Management, 18(1), 34-53.
Kabiru, G. K., & Bula, H. (2020). Influence of transactional leadership style on employee performance at selected commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 4(9), 520-524.
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA). (2021). County governance and public sector performance in Kenya: Challenges and opportunities. KIPPRA.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume I: Population by County and Sub-County. Nairobi, Kenya.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2021). Economic Survey Report. Nairobi, Kenya.
Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA). (2023). Road development and infrastructure progress report in Laikipia County. Nairobi, Kenya.
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). (2023). Human-wildlife conflict and conservation strategies in Laikipia County. Nairobi, Kenya.
Khan, M. A., Ismail, F. B., Hussain, A., & Alghazali, B. (2020). The interplay of leadership styles, innovative work behavior, organizational culture, and organizational citizenship behavior. Sage Open, 10(1), 2158244019898264.
Khan, M. J., Rehman, S. U., & Fatima, A. (2020). Impact of transactional leadership on employee engagement in public sector organizations of Pakistan. International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research, 2(3), 45–56.
Khan, M. S., Khan, I., & Khan, S. (2019). Impact of leadership styles on employee engagement: Evidence from the banking sector of Pakistan. City University Research Journal, 9(1), 1–14.
Khassawneh, O., & Elrehail, H. (2022). The effect of participative leadership style on employees’ performance: The contingent role of institutional theory. Administrative Sciences, 12(4), 195.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Kubai, P. K., Gachunga, H., & Odhiambo, R. (2022). Transactional Leadership and Organizational Performance: A study of Private Universities in Kenya. Kunz, W. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic security of enterprises. Security Dimensions. International and National Studies (36), 22-37.
Kumar, S., Gupta, A., & Mishra, M. K. (2020). Impact of leadership style and happiness on firm performance: Moderating the role of gender. In Performance Management (pp. 187-202). CRC Press.
Laikipia County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP). (2023). Laikipia County Integrated Development Plan 2023-2027. Laikipia, Kenya.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., & Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1434–1452.
Liu, W., & Gumah, B. (2020). Leadership style and self-efficacy: The influences of feedback. Journal of psychology in Africa, 30(4), 289-294.
Mahfouz, S. A. (2019). The impact of transactional leadership on employee commitment. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 8(8), 1-13.
Markos, S., & Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 89–96.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2021). Primary data collection methods designing qualitative research. Sage.
Maundu, M., Namusonge, G. S., & Simiyu, A. N. (2020). Effect of transactional leadership style on employee engagement.
Mbivya, I. M. (2023). People-oriented Servant Leadership and Employee Performance in the Kenyan Lower Eastern County Assemblies. PAC University Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 5(1), 42-51.
Ministry of Health (MOH). (2022). Kenya Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan. Nairobi, Kenya.
Mishra, D., Dashora, J., & Dubey, D. K. (2023). The impact of transformational leadership on employee engagement and performance: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 47-51.
Mone, E., London, M., & Mone, E. M. (2018). Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge.
Muchibi, W. M., Mutua, S. M., & Juma, D. (2022). Influence of career development on employee engagement in the public health sector in Kenya. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 4(1), 297-327.
Muchiri, M. K., & Cooksey, R. W. (2011). Examining the effects of transactional and transformational leadership within Kenyan public sector organizations. Journal of African Business, 12(2), 209–234.
Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative & qualitative apporaches (Vol. 2, No. 2). Nairobi: Acts press.
National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC). (2022). Conflict resolution and peace-building initiatives in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya.
Ngunjiri, A. W. (2018). Influence of transformational leadership on employee performance in county governments in Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 6(5), 45–58.
Ntalakos, A., Belias, D., & Koustelios, A. (2022, September). The Relationship Between Leadership Styles and Communication—Effect on Team Efficiency on the Tourism Industry. In International Conference of the International Association of Cultural and Digital Tourism (pp. 143-159). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Nyaga, S. M., & Kamau, J. (2017). Influence of servant leadership on employee performance in county governments in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 8(6), 121–129.
Odumeru, J. A., & Ifeanyi, G. O. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 355–361.
Ouko, J. A. (2022). Effects of transformational leadership on employee performance in the Kenyan banking industry: a case of ABSA bank Nairobi, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Africa Nazarene University).
Ozturk, A., Karatepe, O. M., & Okumus, F. (2021). The effect of servant leadership on hotel employees’ behavioral consequences: Work engagement versus job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97, 102994.
Peng, J., Hou, N., Zou, Y., & Long, R. (2023). Participative leadership and employees’ cyberloafing: A self-concept-based theory perspective. Information & Management, 60(8), 103878.
Public Service Commission. (2022). Annual report on the state of the public service in Kenya. Government of Kenya.
Ramli, Y., Magito, S., & Khotimah, M. (2019). The role of transactional leadership towards organizational commitment. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 20(5), 50-57.
Saks, A. M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 19-38.
Setiawan, R., Cavaliere, L. P. L., Navarro, E. R., Wisetsri, W., Jirayus, P., Chauhan, S., ... & Rajan, R. (2021). The impact of leadership styles on employees productivity in organizations: A comparative study among leadership styles. Productivity Management, 26(1), 382-404.
Soegiarto, I., Rahmadhani, M. V., Arifah, N. J. A., & Ilham, I. (2024). Effects of leadership development programs, mentorship, and employee empowerment on organizational performance. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 5(2), 1923-1937.
Suhendra, R. (2021). Role of transactional leadership in influencing motivation, employee engagement, and intention to stay. KnE Social Sciences, 194-210.
Tourism Regulatory Authority (TRA). (2022). Annual tourism sector performance report. Nairobi, Kenya.
Turner, P. (2019). Employee engagement in contemporary organizations: Maintaining high productivity and sustained competitiveness. Springer Nature.
Widodo, D. S., Silitonga, P. E. S., & Azahra, D. (2019). The influence of transactional leadership to employee job motivation and satisfaction in Jakarta stock exchange. International Journal of Governmental Studies and Humanities, 2(1), 38-46.
Young, T. J. (2015). Questionnaires and surveys. Research methods in intercultural communication: A practical guide, 163-180.
Zeeshan, S., Ng, S. I., Ho, J. A., & Jantan, A. H. (2021). Assessing the impact of servant leadership on employee engagement through the mediating role of self-efficacy in the Pakistani banking sector. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1963029.
