PERCEIVED DESIRABILITY AND SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ADOPTION BY NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN KITUI COUNTY, KENYA
Keywords:
Motivation, Emotional Readiness, Personal Benefit, Perceived Ease, Prior Knowledge, Trust
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of perceived desirability on social entrepreneurship adoption by non-profit organizations for sustainable community development in Kitui County, Kenya. This research was guided by Entrepreneurial Event Model by Albert Shapero and Lisa Sokol (1982). The study employed a mixed methods research design: convergent parallel design which combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. Conducted in Kitui County, the research focused on 35 non-profit organizations (NPOs), targeting a population of 560 participants. Stratified random sampling was adopted to select 100 respondents for the quantitative approach, while purposive sampling was used to select 128 beneficiaries for the qualitative component. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and a focus group discussion guide. Instrument validity was ensured through pre-testing and reliability assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics specifically correlation coefficients and regression analysis, while qualitative data were examined through content analysis. The findings were presented using charts, graphs, output tables, and narratives. The results showed that there is a positive and statistically significant effect of perceived desirability on sustainable community development. These findings highlight the importance of motivational, contextual, and cultural dimensions in shaping social entrepreneurship practices, underscoring the need for context-specific, culturally responsive interventions to enhance SE adoption in rural settings. The study recommended targeted policy interventions and financial support mechanisms to enhance social entrepreneurship adoption among non-profit organizations, ultimately fostering sustainable community development. Future research should replicate this study across diverse Kenyan regions, incorporate government policies, external collaborations, and risk-taking propensity.
References
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Alexander, K., & Honig, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial intentions: A cultural perspective. Africa Journal of Management, 2(3), 235-257.
Armitage, J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499.
Audet, J. (2004). The impact of session due projects on the perceptions and entrepreneurial intentions of students in administration. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 17(3), 223-240.
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Practice and Theory, 30(1), 1-22.
Ayob, N., Yab, S., Sapuan, A., & Rashidd, A. (2013). Social enterprise intentions among business undergraduates. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 15(3), 249-267.
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Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Barret, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, & Vargo, L. (2015). Service innovation in the digital age: Key contributions and future directions. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 135-154.
Beck, L., & Ajzen, I. (1991). Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Research in Personality, 25(3), 285-301.
Berkowitz, E., & He, Y. (2019). An integrated model of entrepreneurial event model and theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2), 371-405.
Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.
Bridger, J. C., & Luloff, A. E. (2013). Toward an interactional approach to sustainable community development. Journal of Rural Studies, 15(1999), 377-387.
Brockner, J., Higgins, E., & Low, M. (2004). Regulatory Focus Theory and the Entrepreneurial Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 203-220.
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Chen, Y., & Chang, L. (2018). Exploring the effects of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial intentions: An integrated model of entrepreneurial event model and theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Business Research, 93, 221-229.
Choi, N., & Majumdar, S. (2014). Social entrepreneurship as an essentially contested concept: Opening a new avenue for systematic future research. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3), 363-376.
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Convergences. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship Barometer. 2015 – 4th edition.
Cooper, R., & Schindler, S. (2013). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill, Irwin.
Creswell, J., & Poth, C. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dissanayake, N. (2013). The impact of perceived desirability and perceived feasibility on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students in Sri-Lanka: An Extended Model. The Kalaniya Journal of Management, 2(1), 39-57.
Douglas, M. (1973). Natural symbols: Explorations in cosmology. Barrie & Rockliff.
Ebrahim, A., & Rangan, V. K. (2014). What impact? Stanford Social Innovation Review, 12(4), 22–28.
Ernst, K. (2011). Heart over mind – An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Wuppertal.
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Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701-720.
Fitzsimmons, R., & Douglas, J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.
Garcia-Cabrera, M., & López-Zafra, E. (2017). From attitude to behaviour: An empirical study of the theory of planned behaviour. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 1-10.
Giagtzi, Z., Reader, C., & Darnihamedani, D. (2013). How perceived feasibility and desirability of entrepreneurship influence entrepreneurial intentions: A comparison between southern and northern European countries. Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics.
Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2014). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 35-50.
Gunatisa, A., & Weerakoon, C. (2014). Antecedents of entrepreneurial intention: With reference to undergraduates of UWU, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(11), 1-11.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
Hoogendoorn, B., Van der Zwan, P., & Thurik, R. (2016). Sustainable entrepreneurship: The role of perceived barriers and risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(1), 279-298.
Ihejiamaizu, C., & Udensi, O. (2017). Social entrepreneurship: A new approach to community development in Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 11(1), 1-7.
Jamali, D., & Lanteri, A. (2015). Social entrepreneurship in the Middle East: Toward sustainable development? In D. Jamali & A. Lanteri (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship in the Middle East (pp. 1–19). Palgrave Macmillan.
Kha, A., & Cordeiro, J. (2018). Perceived desirability and social entrepreneurship: Approaches and challenges. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 12(3), 257-273.
Kisilu, S. K., & Nasieku, T. (2022). Effects of microfinance activities on financial performance of youth enterprises in Kitui County, Kenya. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 9(3), 123–145.
Krstic, I. L., Ilic, A., & Avromovic, D. (2018). The Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Environment, Economy and Society. Conference Paper Presented at University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety in NIS, University of Belgrade, Military Academy in Belgrade.
Krueger, F., & Brazeal, V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91-104.
Lal, T. (2018). Measuring impact of financial inclusion on rural development through cooperatives. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(3), 352-376.
Li, H., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020). The impact of self-efficacy analysis-based psychological theory and literary ethics on Chinese American entrepreneurship education. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1870.
Linan, F., & Roudriques, C. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions levels: Role of education. International Entrepreneurial Management Journal, 7, 195-218.
Lopez-Claros, A. (2014). Fiscal challenges after the global financial crisis: A survey of key issues. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 5(2).
Luc, T. (2018). The relationship between perceived access to finance and social entrepreneurship intentions among university students in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 5(1), 63-72.
Macke, J., Sarate, R., Domeneghini, J., et al. (2018). Where do we go from now? Research framework for social entrepreneurship. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 677-685.
Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44.
Masrury, J. (2016). The impact of perceived feasibility and perceived desirability on entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students in University Muhammadiyan Surakarta. Unpublished manuscript.
Mayoux, L. (2005). Women's empowerment through sustainable microfinance: Rethinking best practice.
Moghavvemi, S., Phoong, W., & Lee, T. (2017). Impact of perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, and performance expectancy on use of IT innovation: Technology adoption decisions and use behaviour. Vidyodaya Journal of Management, 3(1).
Molloy, J. C., & Shepherd, D. A. (2017). An integrated model of entrepreneurial event model and theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 302–320.
Morris, H., & Jones, F. (2017). Entrepreneurship in established organizations: The case of the public sector. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(10), 71-91.
Muhammad, A. (2018). Strengthening entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Malaysian Institute of Economic Research in Kuala Lumpur.
Nair, S. (2019). Handbook of Research on Smart Territories and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems for Social Innovation and Sustainable Growth. IGI Global. Retrieved from
Ngatse-Ipangui, R., & Dassah, M. (2019). Impact of social entrepreneurs on community development in the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality area, South Africa.
Nyssens, M. (2006). Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society. London: Routledge. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mrxpvx23
Onyemaechi, N., Elesho, M., Charity, I., et al. (2021). Influence of social entrepreneurs on community development in Enugu west senatorial district of Enugu state, Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 11(01), 001-007.
Peerapun, W. (2012). Participatory planning in urban conservation and regeneration: A case study of Amphawa Community. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences, 36(June 2011), 243–252.
Phan, H., Wong, K., & Wang, K. (2002). Antecedents of entrepreneurship among university students in Singapore: Beliefs, attitudes and background. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 10(2), 151-174.
Praag, S., & Cramar, V. (2001). The roots of entrepreneurship and labour demand: Individual ability and low risk aversion. Economica, 68(269), 45-62. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40229482
Rashid, S., Sarkam, F., Yaacob, A., et al. (2018). Factors influencing students' social entrepreneurship intention: A case of Duta Jauhar Program. International Journal of Academic Research In Business and Social Sciences, 8(8).
Rosairo, H. S. R., & Potts, D. J. (2015). A study on entrepreneurial attitudes of upcountry vegetable farmers in Sri Lanka. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 6(1), 39-58.
Sajjad, I., Shafi, H., & Dad, M. (2012). Impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions. Information Management and Business Review, 4(11), 30-34.
Sánchez, I., Sánchez, M., & Moreno, J. (2017). The influence of culture on entrepreneurship: A literature review. International Journal of Business and Management, 12(12), 87–99.
Saraih, N., Aris, Z., Mutalib, A., et al. (2018). The influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention among engineering students. In MATEC Web of Conferences, 150(05051). EDP Sciences.
Sarri, A., & Laspita, S. (2014). Student entrepreneurship in Greece: A survey of intentions and activities. Greek Report of the GUESSS Project 2013/2014. Thessaloniki: University of Macedonia, Greece.
Schwab Foundation. (2011). The Schwab Foundation for social entrepreneurship annual report.
Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1), 42-57.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72-90).
Short, C., Moss, T., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(2), 161-194.
Shumate, M., Atouba, Y., Cooper, R., & Pilny, A. (2019). Two paths diverged: Examining the antecedents to social entrepreneurship. Management Communication Quarterly, 28(3), 161-194.
Singh, I., Prasad, T., & Raut, R. (2012). Entrepreneurial intent: A review of literature. AIMS International Conference on Management, 2012, 201-207.
Smith, W., & Darko, E. (2014). Social enterprise: Constraints and opportunities—Evidence from Vietnam.
Subhan, N., Sudarmaji, E., & Munirah, M. (2019). Perceived desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions for Indonesia young digital talent in business. IOSR Journal of Mathematics, 15(3), 1-10.
Teise, B., & Urban, H. (2015). Antecedents to social entrepreneurship intentions: An empirical study in South Africa. Journal of Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, 24(2), 36-52.
Thomas, C. (2004). The role of social entrepreneurship in community development. Master's thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.
Tiwari, P., Bhat, K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). The role of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship Research, 8(2), 165-185.
Ulleberg, I. (2009). The role and impact of NGOs in capacity development: From replacing the state to reinvigorating education. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning UNESCO.
Urban, B. (2013). Social entrepreneurship in an emerging economy: A focus on the institutional environment and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Managing Global Transitions, 11(1), 3-25.
Wei, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020). How does entrepreneurial self-efficacy influence innovation behaviour? Exploring the mechanism of job satisfaction and Zhongyong thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 708.
Yang, X. (2018). The influence of culture on entrepreneurship: A literature review. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(12), 14-26.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2000). Attitudes and the attitude-behaviour relation: Reasoned and automatic processes. European Review of Social Psychology, 11(1), 1-33.
Alexander, K., & Honig, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial intentions: A cultural perspective. Africa Journal of Management, 2(3), 235-257.
Armitage, J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499.
Audet, J. (2004). The impact of session due projects on the perceptions and entrepreneurial intentions of students in administration. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 17(3), 223-240.
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Practice and Theory, 30(1), 1-22.
Ayob, N., Yab, S., Sapuan, A., & Rashidd, A. (2013). Social enterprise intentions among business undergraduates. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 15(3), 249-267.
Bader, J. (2019). Perceived desirability and social entrepreneurship: What role does it play? Journal of Entrepreneurship, Education and Sustainability, 2(1), 140-153.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Barret, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, & Vargo, L. (2015). Service innovation in the digital age: Key contributions and future directions. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 135-154.
Beck, L., & Ajzen, I. (1991). Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Research in Personality, 25(3), 285-301.
Berkowitz, E., & He, Y. (2019). An integrated model of entrepreneurial event model and theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2), 371-405.
Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.
Bridger, J. C., & Luloff, A. E. (2013). Toward an interactional approach to sustainable community development. Journal of Rural Studies, 15(1999), 377-387.
Brockner, J., Higgins, E., & Low, M. (2004). Regulatory Focus Theory and the Entrepreneurial Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 203-220.
Caritas Kitui. (2022). Value chain development and sustainable agriculture initiatives. Caritas Kitui.
Chan, K., Kuan, Y., & Wang, S. (2011). Similarities and divergences: Comparison of social enterprises in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Social Enterprise Journal, 7(1), 33-49.
Chen, Y., & Chang, L. (2018). Exploring the effects of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial intentions: An integrated model of entrepreneurial event model and theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Business Research, 93, 221-229.
Choi, N., & Majumdar, S. (2014). Social entrepreneurship as an essentially contested concept: Opening a new avenue for systematic future research. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3), 363-376.
Conner, M. (2020). Theory of planned behaviour. In R. J. Schinke, K. R. McGannon, & B. Smith (Eds.), The Routledge International Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology (pp. 334-336). Routledge.
Convergences. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship Barometer. 2015 – 4th edition.
Cooper, R., & Schindler, S. (2013). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill, Irwin.
Creswell, J., & Poth, C. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dissanayake, N. (2013). The impact of perceived desirability and perceived feasibility on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students in Sri-Lanka: An Extended Model. The Kalaniya Journal of Management, 2(1), 39-57.
Douglas, M. (1973). Natural symbols: Explorations in cosmology. Barrie & Rockliff.
Ebrahim, A., & Rangan, V. K. (2014). What impact? Stanford Social Innovation Review, 12(4), 22–28.
Ernst, K. (2011). Heart over mind – An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Wuppertal.
Eryilmaz, D. (2011). Sustainable Community Development: Ideas on Implementing Social and Economic Applications from Hagaby, Sweden in the Kerkenes Eco-Center in Yozgat, Turkey.
Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701-720.
Fitzsimmons, R., & Douglas, J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.
Garcia-Cabrera, M., & López-Zafra, E. (2017). From attitude to behaviour: An empirical study of the theory of planned behaviour. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 1-10.
Giagtzi, Z., Reader, C., & Darnihamedani, D. (2013). How perceived feasibility and desirability of entrepreneurship influence entrepreneurial intentions: A comparison between southern and northern European countries. Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics.
Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2014). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 35-50.
Gunatisa, A., & Weerakoon, C. (2014). Antecedents of entrepreneurial intention: With reference to undergraduates of UWU, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(11), 1-11.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
Hoogendoorn, B., Van der Zwan, P., & Thurik, R. (2016). Sustainable entrepreneurship: The role of perceived barriers and risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(1), 279-298.
Ihejiamaizu, C., & Udensi, O. (2017). Social entrepreneurship: A new approach to community development in Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 11(1), 1-7.
Jamali, D., & Lanteri, A. (2015). Social entrepreneurship in the Middle East: Toward sustainable development? In D. Jamali & A. Lanteri (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship in the Middle East (pp. 1–19). Palgrave Macmillan.
Kha, A., & Cordeiro, J. (2018). Perceived desirability and social entrepreneurship: Approaches and challenges. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 12(3), 257-273.
Kisilu, S. K., & Nasieku, T. (2022). Effects of microfinance activities on financial performance of youth enterprises in Kitui County, Kenya. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 9(3), 123–145.
Krstic, I. L., Ilic, A., & Avromovic, D. (2018). The Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Environment, Economy and Society. Conference Paper Presented at University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety in NIS, University of Belgrade, Military Academy in Belgrade.
Krueger, F., & Brazeal, V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91-104.
Lal, T. (2018). Measuring impact of financial inclusion on rural development through cooperatives. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(3), 352-376.
Li, H., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020). The impact of self-efficacy analysis-based psychological theory and literary ethics on Chinese American entrepreneurship education. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1870.
Linan, F., & Roudriques, C. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions levels: Role of education. International Entrepreneurial Management Journal, 7, 195-218.
Lopez-Claros, A. (2014). Fiscal challenges after the global financial crisis: A survey of key issues. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 5(2).
Luc, T. (2018). The relationship between perceived access to finance and social entrepreneurship intentions among university students in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 5(1), 63-72.
Macke, J., Sarate, R., Domeneghini, J., et al. (2018). Where do we go from now? Research framework for social entrepreneurship. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 677-685.
Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44.
Masrury, J. (2016). The impact of perceived feasibility and perceived desirability on entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students in University Muhammadiyan Surakarta. Unpublished manuscript.
Mayoux, L. (2005). Women's empowerment through sustainable microfinance: Rethinking best practice.
Moghavvemi, S., Phoong, W., & Lee, T. (2017). Impact of perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, and performance expectancy on use of IT innovation: Technology adoption decisions and use behaviour. Vidyodaya Journal of Management, 3(1).
Molloy, J. C., & Shepherd, D. A. (2017). An integrated model of entrepreneurial event model and theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 302–320.
Morris, H., & Jones, F. (2017). Entrepreneurship in established organizations: The case of the public sector. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(10), 71-91.
Muhammad, A. (2018). Strengthening entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Malaysian Institute of Economic Research in Kuala Lumpur.
Nair, S. (2019). Handbook of Research on Smart Territories and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems for Social Innovation and Sustainable Growth. IGI Global. Retrieved from
Ngatse-Ipangui, R., & Dassah, M. (2019). Impact of social entrepreneurs on community development in the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality area, South Africa.
Nyssens, M. (2006). Social enterprise: At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society. London: Routledge. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mrxpvx23
Onyemaechi, N., Elesho, M., Charity, I., et al. (2021). Influence of social entrepreneurs on community development in Enugu west senatorial district of Enugu state, Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 11(01), 001-007.
Peerapun, W. (2012). Participatory planning in urban conservation and regeneration: A case study of Amphawa Community. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences, 36(June 2011), 243–252.
Phan, H., Wong, K., & Wang, K. (2002). Antecedents of entrepreneurship among university students in Singapore: Beliefs, attitudes and background. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 10(2), 151-174.
Praag, S., & Cramar, V. (2001). The roots of entrepreneurship and labour demand: Individual ability and low risk aversion. Economica, 68(269), 45-62. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40229482
Rashid, S., Sarkam, F., Yaacob, A., et al. (2018). Factors influencing students' social entrepreneurship intention: A case of Duta Jauhar Program. International Journal of Academic Research In Business and Social Sciences, 8(8).
Rosairo, H. S. R., & Potts, D. J. (2015). A study on entrepreneurial attitudes of upcountry vegetable farmers in Sri Lanka. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 6(1), 39-58.
Sajjad, I., Shafi, H., & Dad, M. (2012). Impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions. Information Management and Business Review, 4(11), 30-34.
Sánchez, I., Sánchez, M., & Moreno, J. (2017). The influence of culture on entrepreneurship: A literature review. International Journal of Business and Management, 12(12), 87–99.
Saraih, N., Aris, Z., Mutalib, A., et al. (2018). The influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention among engineering students. In MATEC Web of Conferences, 150(05051). EDP Sciences.
Sarri, A., & Laspita, S. (2014). Student entrepreneurship in Greece: A survey of intentions and activities. Greek Report of the GUESSS Project 2013/2014. Thessaloniki: University of Macedonia, Greece.
Schwab Foundation. (2011). The Schwab Foundation for social entrepreneurship annual report.
Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1), 42-57.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72-90).
Short, C., Moss, T., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(2), 161-194.
Shumate, M., Atouba, Y., Cooper, R., & Pilny, A. (2019). Two paths diverged: Examining the antecedents to social entrepreneurship. Management Communication Quarterly, 28(3), 161-194.
Singh, I., Prasad, T., & Raut, R. (2012). Entrepreneurial intent: A review of literature. AIMS International Conference on Management, 2012, 201-207.
Smith, W., & Darko, E. (2014). Social enterprise: Constraints and opportunities—Evidence from Vietnam.
Subhan, N., Sudarmaji, E., & Munirah, M. (2019). Perceived desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions for Indonesia young digital talent in business. IOSR Journal of Mathematics, 15(3), 1-10.
Teise, B., & Urban, H. (2015). Antecedents to social entrepreneurship intentions: An empirical study in South Africa. Journal of Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, 24(2), 36-52.
Thomas, C. (2004). The role of social entrepreneurship in community development. Master's thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.
Tiwari, P., Bhat, K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). The role of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship Research, 8(2), 165-185.
Ulleberg, I. (2009). The role and impact of NGOs in capacity development: From replacing the state to reinvigorating education. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning UNESCO.
Urban, B. (2013). Social entrepreneurship in an emerging economy: A focus on the institutional environment and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Managing Global Transitions, 11(1), 3-25.
Wei, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020). How does entrepreneurial self-efficacy influence innovation behaviour? Exploring the mechanism of job satisfaction and Zhongyong thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 708.
Yang, X. (2018). The influence of culture on entrepreneurship: A literature review. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(12), 14-26.
