Reviewed Journal International of Business Management [ISSN 2663-127X]

THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL ON PERFORMANCE OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN TANZANIA

KELVIN M. MWITA — 2024-01-29

This study examined the influence of performance appraisal on performance of Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOS) in Tanzania. The study aimed at determining how performance appraisal tools, performance standards, and evaluation process affect SACCOS performance. Further, the study intended to examine the moderating effect of workforce diversity on the relationship between performance appraisal and SACCOS performance. Resource based view theory was used in the study. Quantitative approach was employed. Data was collected by using questionnaires from 317 HR managers or their equivalent (SACCOS Managers). Descriptive and correlation statistics were used for data analysis. Through correlation analysis, it was found that performance appraisal tools, performance standards, evaluation process and workforce diversity positively correlated with SACCOS performance. Further, hypothesis testing revealed that all the independent variables had significant linear relationship with SACCOS performance. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that among all the three independent variables, only performance evaluation was found to be a significant predictor of SACCOS performance. When moderation effect of workforce diversity was tested, it was concluded that workforce diversity has a significant moderation effect on the relationship between performance appraisal and SACCOS performance. The study recommended SACCOS to have performance appraisal tools to enable them managing employee performance. Further, SACCOS has to establish well known standards to be used evaluating performance of their employees. Lastly, SACCOS should consider having a diverse workforce in terms of gender, age and education level.

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF SELF-AWARENESS LEADERSHIP COMPETENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RWANDA

SIMON CHARLES MUHIRE, PhD — 2024-02-07

The study examined the effect of self-awareness leadership competency on the performance of local government in Rwanda. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, and the population consisted of 30 Mayors from 30 districts in Rwanda. Due to the nature f the study population, all the population was used as sample to get a clear idea of all the districts in Rwanda. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results indicated that self-awareness leadership competency has a significant positive effect on the performance of local government in Rwanda. The findings revealed that there has been a general increase in number of self awareness trainings to more than two times between the year 2015to 2019 which significantly increased service delivery by more than 10% as indicated by more than 50% respondents.

Consequently, self awareness leadership enhanced leaders’ capacity to be visionary, increased managerial knowledge, ability to be goal oriented as well as increasing inquisitive nature of the leaders which, in turn, leads to better performance in their respective positions. The study thus recommended that local government authorities in Rwanda should prioritize the development of self-awareness leadership competency among their leaders by providing mentoring, training, and coaching programs that focus on self-awareness skills enhancement. This will greatly influence the overall performance of local government in Rwanda thereby leading to improved and superior service delivery to the citizens.

EFFECTS OF CONTROL ENVIRONMENT AS A COMPONENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM ON THE QUALITY OF FINANCIAL REPORTING INFORMATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS OF RWANDA

AMINADAB NTAHONDEREYE — 2024-02-09

Control environment is one of the elements of internal control systems that enables management to remain focused on the entity's pursuit of its operations and the production of high-quality of financial reporting information. Despite the adoption of an internal control system, including a control environment, by Rwandan local governments, there are numerous recurring issues with their financial reporting information. These issues include unrecorded transactions, a lack of evidence of approval of modifications, fraud, and embezzlement. This study investigated how control environment affected the quality of financial reporting information in local governments of Rwanda. The study was carried out in 30 districts. Primary data was collected using the questionnaire and secondary data was collected from district financial reports and the reports from Office of Auditor General. To analyse data both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Descriptive study's findings revealed that the degree of control environment was high, with a mean of 4.02 and a standard deviation of 0.78 and the level quality of financial reporting information was high. Primary data revealed a poor quality of financial reporting information in the local governments. Using inferential statistics, the model summary of control environment on financial reporting information showed that a unit change in environmental control may explain 68.4% of the change in quality of financial reporting information. Linear equation revealed control environment as independent variable significantly predicts the quality of financial reporting information in local governments of Rwanda. Training about financial report analysis and interpretation for the members of Board of directors of the districts should be organized.

REVERSE LOGISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA

CHARLES MAMU NTHIWA — 2024-02-16

This study examined the influence of reverse logistics practice on performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study was guided by complexity theory. This research adopted positivism research philosophy. The research design was explanatory survey research design. The target population for the study constituted 217 food and beverage manufacturing firms and Slovin’s formula was used to sample 141 firms. The study used structured questionnaires to collect relevant to the study. The hypotheses were then tested using multiple linear regression and hierarchical linear modeling. The results affirmed that reverse logistics practice have a significant negative influence on the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya. Therefore, managers and practitioners in the food and beverage manufacturing industry should consider reverse logistics strategies and green warehousing in the sector to facilitate a harmonious balance between environmental responsibility and the sustained growth and success of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya.

THE MODERATING EFFECT OF INDUSTRY POLICY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC ORGANIZATION DESIGN AND SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE OF PARASTATALS IN KENYA

VALERIE PILI KOTOLO — 2024-02-27

The main objective of the study was to examine the moderating effect of industry policy on the relationship between strategic organization design and sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. The institutional theory was used. The study undertook a descriptive research design using a quantitative technique. The study population was 231 Parastatals in Kenya. The research sample size was determined using slovin’s mathematical formula, where 146 parastatals made up the sample for the study. One respondent from selected parastatals was selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using closed ended questionnaires which were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. A pilot study of 20 respondents was done to test for validity, reliability and diagnostics. From a sample of 146 respondents, 97 respondents filled and submitted the results representing 66% response rate. It was evident from the findings that industry Policy has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between strategic organization design and sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. Organization Design was found to play a critical role towards the sustainable performance of parastatals.

INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN SOMALIA

IBRAHIM MOHAMED AHMED — 2024-03-01

This study aimed at establishing the influence of leadership styles on organization performance of insurance companies in Somalia. The study incorporated Leadership Theory. The researcher used descriptive research design to meet the study research objectives. The study focused on five insurance companies in Somalia; Takaful insurance Of Africa, umma insurance brokers, Amana insurance, Baraka insurance and Som-Takaful insurance. The study interviewed 73 respondents, including Chief Executive Officers, heads of departments, and their assistants. Due to the study's small sample size, the census approach was used. Structured questionnaires were distributed to the study's sampled population. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data objectively. To arrive at conclusions, the study findings were examined, summarized, and presented using a variety of descriptive statistics methods such as frequencies distribution tables, percentages. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were utilized to determine the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable, that is, effect of leadership styles on the organizational performance of insurance businesses in Somalia, with model significance determined using F-tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), at 95 percent confidence intervals. The researcher adhered to research ethics. From the analysis, the study found that leadership styles had positive and statistically significant relationship with organization performance. Thus, the study concluded that, organizational performance of insurance companies in Somalia is influenced by leadership styles.

STREET LEVEL BUREAUCRATS’ JOB SATISFACTION AND PROVISION OF NURSING HEALTH CARE SERVICES ARE AMONG NURSES IN HOSPITALS IN SIAYA COUNTY

EZEKIEL ODHIAMBO OHANDO — 2024-03-03

The purpose of this abstract was to espouse the contribution anchored by good terms and conducive working environment in place within the street level bureaucracy among nurses in a Siaya County Hospitals. This article took street level bureaucracy to be observable phenomenon describing a public health entity with adequate functional facilities, good conducive working environment, terms and conditions of service empowering nurses to have job satisfaction. Research employed qualitative and quantitative methodology to explain and describe impacts and the influences nurses provided on the realization of optimal care service by realizing their satisfaction in the job they discharge in health facilities domiciled in Siaya County. The study targeted the population of 500 nurses in level four and level five from Siaya Sub County comprising Alego Usonga, Gem, Bondo, Ugenya, Rarieda, and Ugunja respectively. Self-administered questionnaire were used as the instruments for the research for collecting the primary data while internet data bank, electronic source, webs were used as the instruments for collecting the secondary data beside the research articles in periodical, books, book section, journals, reports, magazines, newsprint, among others. Nurses in most Siaya health care systems at time of study in 2022/23 constituted majority component of the frontline nursing staff comprising 70% female and 30% males with majority of nurses professionally constituting (73%) diploma holders (22%) degree holders (3%) post graduate while (1%) doctorate decrying staff shortage at higher levels. The demographic distribution of nurses in health facilities by age revealed that major workforce to be 26-40 years with those aging between 26 – 30 years being the majority workforce. The study revealed and observed that the nursing space in Siaya County is mainly female dominated with ratio of 0.7:0.3 care to the clientele. Attributes that nurses require constitute good work environment, terms and conditions of service that satisfies fairly the general desires of the nurse shape contributions accorded by nursing frontline works in the provision of care service in an atmosphere that promote job satisfaction in service provision in the health facility. The finding further demonstrated operation of two third principle elucidated in constitution of Kenya (CoK, 2010 & PSC 2016). Good terms and conducive work environment strengthen nurse productivity to attainment of health policy goals, enhancement of nurse morale to exploit their professional diligence potential meeting public expectations and reinforce their personal and professional growth and esteem and ensuring their safety as they interact closely with the clientele.

EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES ON PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN RWANDA

SIMON CHARLES MUHIRE — 2024-03-06

Leadership competencies are needed for the local government not only to be successful with current undertakings, but also to be successful in the future. This study established the effect of leadership competencies on performance of local government in Rwanda. The study used a cross-sectional survey research design. The study’s population was the Districts of Rwanda. The unit of observation was 30 districts. The unit of analysis was the Mayors of districts who implement and sign performance contracts before the President of the Republic. The study used stratified sampling technique to come up with the sample. The sample size was 30 mayors of district. The study used primary data, which was collected through questionnaires. Descriptive analysis was utilized to analyze the data. The data was presented using tables. The result was obtained by analyzing the effect of leadership competencies on and the level of performance attainment of local government. Results revealed that self-awareness, self-management, and relationship management leadership competencies had a positive significant relationship with the performance of local governments in Rwanda. The influence between social awareness leadership competency and local governments was positive but insignificant. The magnitude of the influence differed among the specific studies leadership competencies. Self-awareness leadership competency had the largest effect followed by self-management leadership competency, and relationship management leadership competency.

ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY CAPACITY BUILDING ON PERFORMANCE OF DEVOLVED UNITS IN SELECTED COUNTY GOVERNMENTS IN KENYA

SAMUEL GATHAGU MUNYIGI — 2024-03-26

Civil society organizations play a prominent role in governance and are viewed as key to delivering government policy agendas of social action, open public services and grass root mobilization. A strong and positive relationship between democratic governments and the civil society has materialized to be a stable pillar in governance such that the civil society organizations are seen as an integral part of governance process. However, even in the most democratic and prosperous societies in the modern world, there are many services that are not adequately provided especially to the minorities therein creating a gap which is occupied by the civil societies. They therefore fulfill important duties of checks and balances in democracies with their ability to influence the government and hold it accountable. The objective of the study was to establish the civil society’ capacity building on performance of devolved units in Kenya. The study used the descriptive survey research design to analyze and describe the relationship between civil society’ civic participation and performance of devolved units in Kenya. The population of the study was all 1290 top management staff to be drawn from the civil society organizations registered in Kenya; 470 (county ministers and chief officers) in the county governments of Kenya. The data collection instruments were questionnaires. The study initiated a pilot study to pretest and validates the questionnaire. Content analysis was used to test data that is qualitative in nature or aspect of the data that was collected from the open ended questions. Regression analysis was carried out to test the nature of relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables at .05 level of significance. Results revealed that all the civil society’ capacity building dimension had a positive and significant relationship with performance of devolved governance units in Kenya. The results support the current theories related to the study. Consequently, this study provides national and county governments with insights of how to improve performance of devolved units through the civil society capacity building interventions. The study recommended that national and county governments should adopt a culture of incorporating civil society capacity building interventions. This could go a long way in ensuring there is improved performance of devolved units in the county governments of Kenya.

EFFECT OF BOARD LEADERSHIP COMPOSITION ON PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA

JEAN MARIE VIANNEY USENGUMUREMYI — 2024-04-13

This study investigated the influence of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. The problem addressed in this study revolved around the potential influence of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. Specifically, the inquiry sought understanding on how factors such as diversity and competency within board structures impact organizational effectiveness, accountability, and governance practices within the Rwandan public sector landscape. This study holds significant implications for policymakers, institutional leaders, and stakeholders in Rwanda by providing evidence-based insights into the critical role of board leadership composition in shaping the performance and governance of public institutions. By elucidating the linkages between board diversity, accountability mechanisms, and organizational effectiveness, this research offers actionable recommendations for enhancing governance practices and driving sustainable development agendas in Rwanda's public sector. The study adopted a descriptive and explorative design since its main purpose was to explain the effect of corporate board leadership practices on performance in public institutions in Rwanda. The target population for the study was 214 managers from 10 public institutions in Rwanda. Stratified random sampling technique was used to get a sample of 140 respondents who were selected from the top management and middle managers’ staff. Data for the study was collected by use of questionnaires, interviews and observation using descriptive and inferential statistics to establish the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. It was expected that the results of the study would assist the top management of the institutions, as well as other stakeholders, to understand the effect of board leadership practices on governance performance in public institutions in Rwanda. Data collected was analyzed through SPSS version 21. Data analysis involved statistical computations for averages, percentages, and correlation and regression analysis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression method of analysis was adopted to determine the inferential statistics. By assessing various dimensions of board structure, such as diversity, expertise, independence, and leadership styles, this research contributes to understanding how governance practices shape the effectiveness and efficiency of public institutions. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, organizational leaders, and stakeholders seeking to enhance governance mechanisms and optimize performance outcomes in the public sector of Rwanda. The findings revealed significant insights into the perceptions of respondents regarding the impact of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. Notably, the results indicated strong agreement among respondents regarding the positive influence of diverse skills and expertise among board members on decision-making processes. Similarly, the inclusion of independent directors is perceived to enhance board oversight effectiveness, reflecting the importance of independent oversight for governance effectiveness. Moreover, respondents recognize the importance of gender diversity on boards for fostering inclusive decision-making environments. Additionally, the understanding of industry and market trends among board members is seen to positively affect strategic planning capabilities. Regression analysis further confirms the significant relationship between board leadership composition and the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. The results indicated a positive correlation between board leadership composition and performance, with the regression model explaining up to 57.0% of the variations in institutional performance. The coefficients obtained from the regression analysis support the statistical significance of board leadership composition in explaining changes in organizational performance. Furthermore, hypothesis testing confirms the significant influence of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda, as evidenced by the calculated p-value and t-statistic. Overall, the findings underscored the critical role of board leadership composition in driving organizational performance within Rwandan public institutions, emphasizing the importance of diversity, expertise, and independence in governance structures to achieve sustainable development goals. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the critical importance of board leadership composition in influencing the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. With strong evidence supporting the positive impact of diverse skills, gender representation, and independent oversight on organizational effectiveness, policymakers and stakeholders are urged to prioritize initiatives aimed at enhancing board diversity and governance practices to foster sustainable development and good governance within the public sector. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Rwandan policymakers prioritize initiatives aimed at promoting diversity within board leadership structures, including gender, ethnicity, and professional backgrounds, to foster inclusive decision-making environments. Additionally, efforts to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement mechanisms are crucial for strengthening governance practices within public institutions in Rwanda, facilitating knowledge-sharing, and driving collective action towards sustainable development objectives.

THE ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKET ON THE COMMERCIAL BANK GROWTH IN RWANDA

CELESTIN NTAMUTURANO — 2024-04-16

This research, titled the role of capital market on the growth of commercial banks in Rwanda, and BK Plc was selected as the case study. The research was guided by the following specific objectives, to determine the capital market services used by Bank of Kigali Plc, to analyze the level of growth of Bank of Kigali Plc during the period of 2016-2022 and to analyze the relationship between capital market and the growth of Bank of Kigali Plc. The study used both descriptive and correlational research design. In this respect, a descriptive design was used to describe the views of respondents on variables of the study and this was done using the questionnaires to collect primary data. The researcher also used correlational research design to measure the relationship between variables of study by using correlational analysis. The researcher selected all 36 employees from departments targeted by this research namely; corporate investment, finance, quality assurance and risk management. In this study, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used by researcher in processing and analysis of data which informed the presentation of findings, analysis and interpretation. The results indicated that the adjusted R² is 0.540 representing 54.0% indicating that capital market components contribute to the BK growth, while 0.475 representing 47.5% of BK Plc comes from other variables that were not included in the model one.

STRATEGIC STAKEHOLDER’S POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE OF PARASTATALS IN KENYA

VALERIE PILI KOTOLO — 2024-04-24

The objective of the study was to establish the effect of strategic organization stakeholder policy on sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. The stakeholder theory was used. The study undertook a descriptive research design using a quantitative technique. The study population was 231 Parastatals in Kenya. The research sample size was determined using slovin’s mathematical formula, where 146 parastatals made up the sample for the study. One respondent from selected parastatals was selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using closed ended questionnaires which were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. A pilot study of 20 respondents was done to test for validity, reliability and diagnostics. From a sample of 146 respondents, 97 respondents filled and submitted the results representing 66% response rate. The results from the multiple regression analysis indicated that there was indeed a significant relationship between the two variables (β = 0.894, p < 0.05). This led to the view that Strategic Stakeholder policy was a factor affecting sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. The study also recommended the need for the management of the parastatals to enhance stakeholder engagement through transparent communication and regular consultations and establish frameworks for evaluating and monitoring the impact of stakeholder policies on sustainable performance.

SOCIAL NETWORKS USE AND AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION AMONG SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN KENYA

MERCY W. MUNENE — 2024-04-25

This study investigated the effects of social networks us on agricultural information among small scale farmers in Kenya. The study was purely literature reviewed and used both published and “gray” literature. The documents used for analysis and reporting consisted of journal articles, books, book chapters, and research reports. The study used qualitative analysis. The study found out that there was information need by small scale farmers, who sought the information on social networks. The findings showed that small scale farmers could access information with ease at comfort of their homes, anytime and anywhere. The study showed that the platforms were convenient and cheap. The study concluded that farmers were seeking for reliable information and that they had positive attitude towards the platform used. It was noted that the social media platforms and Youtube were often used by farmers for networking, education and marketing their produce. The study recommended that Organizations, National and County governments should embrace use of social networks platform to inform farmers.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF DONOR FUNDED HEALTH PROJECTS IN KENYA

SILAS OTIENO OKUMU — 2024-04-25

Donor funded projects are of great interest to the government, civil society organizations and the beneficiaries. Health projects are among the highly funded projects by governments and donors. The general objective of the study was to examine the effect of risk management on performance of donor funded health projects in Kenya. The study was based on Enterprise Risk Management theory and correlational research design. The target population of the study was 44 project managers, 115 project officers, 81 project monitoring & evaluation officers, and 68 project finance managers. Census method was used to enumerate the entire population. Data was then collected using questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis, leveraging SPSS. The data was then presented in statistical tables. All ethical considerations were strictly observed. Findings showed that project risk management has significant effect on performance of donor funded projects in Kenya (β₁=0.618, p value= 0.000). The health project managers should reconsider instituting risk management processes that must be followed before project execution, to see how it affects the performance of their projects. Project managers and leaders must be encouraged to embrace project risk management before projects are started to enable them to identify possible risk events likely to occur in order to institute corrective response strategies to reduce the severity of the risk, should they occur during the course of the project.

ASSESSING SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA:

FREDRICK MWAIWA — 2024-04-25

Banking Institutions can achieve sustainable competitive advantage through adoption of innovative practices in its broadest sense by use of both new technologies and new ways of doing things. A firm's efforts in establishing and maintaining such advantages for a long-term period are based on the managers’ ability to adopt strategic innovation practices with inimitable characteristics. While research has evidently shown that adoption of innovation practices has a share in its profitability and market share growth, it is not clear on the extent to which adoption of mobile banking has played a role in retaining a sustainable competitive advantage for commercial banks. This paper was therefore an appraisal of the mobile banking system to establish whether there exists a relationship with sustainable competitive advantage. Guided by the innovation of diffusion theory the paper focused on mobile banking as one of the major innovations that has recently shaped the banking industry. The study employed descriptive and explanatory research designs on a census sample of head of departments and branch managers drawn from commercial banks within Nairobi County. Questionnaire was the main tool of collecting data that saw analysis completed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson product moment correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were employed to test the relationship between the mobile banking and sustainable competitive advantage. Correlation matrix indicated that mobile banking (r=.445, p=0.000) had linear relationship with sustainable competitive advantage. The linear regression results indicated a coefficient of 0.068 on mobile banking practices with corresponding p=0.042<0.05 depicting a positive and significant influence at 5% level. Coefficient of bank regulation, 0.205, as a intervening variable was significant,, in predicting the dependent variable. The findings of the study indicated that bank regulation was an intervening factor in the relationship between mobile banking and sustainable competitive advantage of Tier 1 commercial banks in Kenya. This paper contributes to theory, policy and practice by seeking to engage policy makers in the banking industry on the importance of embracing mobile banking as a tool to enhance competitive advantage in banks. To theory, this paper adds to the existing knowledge to inform future researchers on its practicability.