Reviewed Journal International of Business Management [ISSN 2663-127X]

CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNAL RULES AND REGULATIONS APPROACHES TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GASABO DISTRICT, RWANDA

NDUWAYEZU PASCAL — 2026-01-06

This study explores the contribution of internal rules and regulations to academic performance in secondary schools within Gasabo District, Rwanda. Internal rules, including policies on attendance, discipline, behavior, and student assessment, are essential in creating a structured and conducive learning environment. By ensuring consistency and reducing classroom distractions, these regulations directly impact students’ focus and engagement, leading to improved academic outcomes. Additionally, attendance policies and behavioral expectations contribute to enhanced student accountability and academic discipline, resulting in higher achievement levels. Discipline is an important component of human behavior, and one could assert that without it, an organization cannot function well toward the achievement of its goals. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of school rules and regulations on students’ perception toward promoting good behavior. The data were obtained from 278 respondents through a mailed questionnaire instrument. The data were tabulated, and Pearson’s chi-square test was applied for inferential analysis. Around 33.1% of the students had a negative perception of school rules and regulations about promoting good behavior, whereas 66.9% of them had a positive perception. A p-value of 0.015 (Discipline is an important component of human behavior, and one could assert that without it, an organization cannot function well toward the achievement of its goals. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of school rules and regulations on students’ perception toward promoting good behavior. The data were obtained from 438 respondents through a mailed questionnaire instrument. The data were tabulated, and Pearson’s chi-square test was applied for inferential analysis. Around 33.1% of the students had a negative perception of school rules and regulations about promoting good behavior, whereas 66.9% of them had a positive perception. A p-value of 0.015 (In a proper learning situation, a disciplined student is the one expected to do the right things at the right time. Students’ attitudes on school rules and regulations and perception toward promoting good behavior were statistically associated at a p-value of 0.012. Parents’ educational levels had a significant effect on students’ perception toward promoting good behavior. Generally, students’ awareness on school rules and regulations, parents’ education levels, civics and ethical education scores, and students’ attitudes toward promoting good behavior were found as significant effects on perception toward promoting good behavior.

THE ROLE OF THE NILE BASIN INITIATIVE IN PROMOTING PEACE AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM ETHIOPIA, SUDAN, AND EGYPT

BOL GATKOUTH KOL — 2026-01-06

This study investigates the role of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) in promoting peace and regional development among Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through structured questionnaires (n = 165) and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including government officials, NBI representatives, policy analysts, and civil society actors. Regression and correlation analyses were employed to assess the influence of four NBI-led domains—water resource management policies (WRMP), conflict resolution mechanisms (CRM), infrastructure development (ID), and capacity building (CB)—on peace and regional development (PRD). Findings reveal that WRMP (β = 0.669, p < 0.001), CB (β = 0.312, p < 0.001), and ID (β = 0.192, p < 0.001) significantly and positively influence PRD. Surprisingly, CRM exhibited a negative relationship (β = –0.149, p = 0.002), suggesting limitations in current diplomatic frameworks. Qualitative insights corroborate these results, highlighting the NBI’s success in fostering technical cooperation but identifying political mistrust and non-binding enforcement as key constraints. The study concludes that equitable, transparent, and inclusive water governance—backed by institutional capacity and joint infrastructure—is critical for sustaining peace and development in the Nile Basin. Recommendations include strengthening legal frameworks, deepening community engagement, and institutionalizing NBI mechanisms within national policies.

EFFECT OF COST OF CAPITAL ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AMONG MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA

GLADYS MICERE WAMIORI, PhD — 2026-02-04

The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of cost of capital on financial performance of manufacturing firms in Kenya. The target population of the study being 741 manufacturing firms in Keya and a sample of 252 firms taken to be a representative of all manufacturing firms in Kenya. In order to collect data from the sampled respondents, cluster sampling was used to classify each of the twelve sub sectors into individual Stratas. Simple random sampling procedure was then used to select the sample in order to ensure each and every firm in the target population was represented. The study adopted a survey design that was descriptive in collecting data. A structured questionnaire was distributed targeting manufacturing firms in Kenya. Statistical analysis was done using correlation and multiple regression model in order to establish the linear relationships between one or more variables and to test the significance of the relationships between the dependent and independent variables. The data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 24 to facilitate computation of descriptive statistics, multiple regression and Pearson correlation to get answers to the study questions. To test the hypothesis for this study, the independent variable was regressed against financial performance as the dependent variable. The key findings were that cost of capital had a positive influence on the financial performance of manufacturing firms. There was a significant positive relationship between cost of capital and manufacturing firm’s financial performance. Managers who were consulted about these results attributed the low explanatory power of variables to stiff competition, quality of the product and government policies. The key recommendations were that managers need to adopt the determinant of financial performance according to their firm requirements in order to improve performance. The study assists policy makers in coming up with better policies on improvement of financial performance.

INFLUENCE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY BUSINESS PRACTICES ON OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN THE MINING SECTOR IN TAITA TAVETA COUNTY, KENYA

RICHARD WANDANA KIBENGO — 2026-02-19

The mining sector in Kenya, particularly in Taita Taveta County, has faced significant operational inefficiencies despite holding substantial mineral wealth including gemstones, limestone, and iron ore. This study examined the influence of circular economy (CE) business practices on operational efficiency in the mining sector in Taita Taveta County, Kenya, a region endowed with gemstones, limestone, and iron ore yet characterized by persistent inefficiencies. The research was anchored on Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Resource-Based View Theory, Institutional Theory, Stakeholder Theory, and Strategic Management Theory to explain CE adoption dynamics. Using a descriptive and correlational design, data were collected through structured questionnaires from registered mining firms, artisanal miners, county officials, regulators, and cooperatives. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze relationships among CE practices, barriers, enablers, regulatory frameworks, and operational efficiency. Findings indicated moderate to strong adoption of CE practices, particularly in waste reduction, resource recovery, and energy efficiency. All independent variables showed significant positive relationships with operational efficiency, with barriers to adoption exerting the strongest influence, followed by regulatory frameworks, enablers, and CE practices. Key constraints included limited technical capacity, inadequate financing, weak regulatory enforcement, and resistance to change, while institutional support, leadership commitment, incentives, and technology emerged as major enablers. The study concludes that integrating CE principles enhances operational efficiency and offers policy and managerial implications for sustainable mining development.

PAYABLES MANAGEMENT: AN INFLUENCING FACTOR TO FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL COMPANIES LISTED AT THE NSE IN KENYA

SOLOMON RUTTO — 2026-02-24

Kenya’s economy is reliant on agricultural sector; but reports show declining performance, with some firms in debt, under receivership or collapsing. Cognizant of the importance of the sector, the national government has bailed out sugar mills severally. Thus, the paper seeks to assess the effect payables management on financial sustainability of the listed agricultural companies in Kenya. The theoretical foundation was based on cash conversion cycle theory, and resource theory of sustainable finance. Through an explanatory causal research design. The study targeted the six listed agricultural companies, from which secondary data was collected from its published financial reports. The data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics revealed payables management at (β=0.610, t=2.133>1.96, p=0.000<0.05) had positive and significant effect to financial sustainability of the listed agricultural companies. This paper concludes that payables management is a significant predictor of financial sustainability of a firm. The study recommended that finance managers working with agricultural companies listed at the NSE in Kenya should consciously delay payment of accounts payable and optimize short-term working capital without straining and hurting relationship without creditors. There is need for these firms to leverage on latest technologies especially artificial intelligence to track and monitor movement of inventory items, reduce holding costs and improve operating efficiency.

KNOWLEDGE GENERATION AND STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION IN PUBLIC SECTOR IN KENYA

JACQUELINE NJERI KANG’IRI — 2026-02-24

This study examined the influence of knowledge generation on strategy implementation in public sector organizations in Kenya, with a focus on the Kenya Bureau of Standards. Government institutions generate vast amounts of knowledge; however, they lack structured frameworks for knowledge generation leading to inefficiencies in strategy implementation. The study was guided by Resource-based view theory. The study adopted mixed-methods research design, incorporating descriptive, case study, and correlational approaches to allow for both broad and in-depth exploration of the study variables. The research was conducted at KEBS offices countrywide, with a target population of 1,080 employees. A pilot study was done at Nakuru with 36 participants, while the final sample size was 292 employees. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure a diverse representation of employees across various departments. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews, while secondary data was obtained from policy documents, institutional reports, and relevant literature. Quantitative data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency, frequency distributions, and percentages, were used to summarize data. Inferential analysis, including correlation and multiple regressions were conducted to assess the relationships between knowledge management practices and strategy implementation. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically to provide deeper insights into the impact of knowledge management on strategic processes. Overall, the study showed that effective knowledge generation positively influences strategy implementation in the public sector. The results revealed that knowledge generation is a moderate, significant and positive influencer of strategy implementation. The study recommended that the organization’s management review its knowledge generation policy to update and align it to the strategic goals of the organization.

ROLE OF BOARD DIVERSITY IN ENHANCING INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN RWANDA

PIERRE-CELESTIN RWIGEMA, PhD, PGDE — 2026-02-25

The governance of higher education institutions has increasingly emphasized board diversity as a strategic mechanism for improving institutional effectiveness. Private universities, particularly in developing countries, face growing pressure to enhance governance quality, accountability, innovation, and academic performance. This study examined the role of board diversity in enhancing institutional effectiveness in private universities in Rwanda, using the University of Kigali as a case study. The research adopted a mixed-methods case study design integrating survey data, governance document analysis, and key informant interviews with university management and board stakeholders. Board diversity was operationalized through gender diversity, professional expertise diversity, educational diversity, and nationality diversity, while institutional effectiveness was measured using strategic performance, academic quality, operational efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction indicators. Findings indicate that diverse board composition significantly enhances decision-making quality, strategic oversight, and institutional adaptability. The study further revealed that multidisciplinary expertise among board members strengthens policy formulation and institutional innovation. The research concludes that board diversity is a critical governance mechanism for improving private university effectiveness in Rwanda. The study recommends deliberate diversity policies, competency-based board appointments, and inclusive governance frameworks within higher education institutions.

EFFECT OF KNOWLEDGE REPOSITORY ON STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION IN PUBLIC SECTOR IN KENYA

JACQUELINE NJERI KANG’IRI — 2026-03-07

This study examined the influence of knowledge repository on strategy implementation in public sector organizations in Kenya, with a focus on the Kenya Bureau of Standards. Unlike public institutions in Asia and Western nations, where knowledge repository is embedded within operations, Kenyan public sector organizations have struggled to leverage knowledge effectively. The private sector, in contrast, has embraced knowledge repository, resulting in increased innovation and improved performance. The study was guided by the Transformational Learning Theory. The study adopted mixed-methods research design, incorporating descriptive, case study, and correlational approaches to allow for both broad and in-depth exploration of the study variables. It was conducted at KEBS offices countrywide, with a target population of 1,080 employees. A pilot study was done at Nakuru with 36 participants, while the final sample size was 292 employees. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure a diverse representation of employees across various departments. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews, while secondary data was obtained from policy documents, institutional reports, and relevant literature. Quantitative data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency, frequency distributions, and percentages, were used to summarize data. Inferential analysis, including correlation and multiple regressions were conducted to assess the relationships between knowledge management practices and strategy implementation. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically to provide deeper insights into the impact of knowledge management on strategic processes. The study showed that effective knowledge repository positively influence strategy implementation in the public sector. The results revealed that knowledge repositories have positive and significant influence on strategy implementation in the public sector in Kenya. The study recommended that the leadership and managers initiate the development of a knowledge management department and allocate adequate resources and personnel to spearhead implementation of KM best practices.

IMPACT OF SERVICE INNOVATION ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

FENELLA WAKESHO MWAMBURI — 2026-04-27

Strategic innovation has become central to competitiveness in banking as rapid technological change and growing pressure from financial technology firms reshape the industry. In Kenya, commercial banks continue to face operational inefficiencies and intense competition, increasing the need for effective service innovation. This study examined the influence of service innovation on the competitiveness of commercial banks in Mombasa County. It was guided by Innovation Diffusion Theory, Resource-Based View Theory, Strategic Alignment Theory, and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. The target population comprised 333 managers from 111 commercial bank branches in Mombasa County, including branch managers, customer service managers, and relationship managers. Using stratified random sampling, 135 respondents were selected. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that service innovation had a significant positive effect on bank competitiveness. The study concludes that when commercial banks adopt service innovations, they become more competitive by improving service delivery, strengthening customer satisfaction, and enhancing market differentiation. The study recommends that banks should strengthen digital service capabilities, improve customer-focused platforms, and build staff capacity to enhance service delivery and sustain competitive advantage.

PROJECT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

OSII STEVE OSII — 2026-04-29

This research examined the influence of project resource management practices on implementation of road construction projects in Mombasa County, Kenya. The theoretical framework underpinned by the resource-based theory, theory of constraints and theory of change. The study employed the correlational research design to test non-causal relationships among study variables. The target population consisted of 316 members of the project implementation team responsible for the 6 road construction projects under the Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) in Mombasa County, Kenya. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 177 members of the project implementation team responsible for the 6 road construction projects under the KeNHA in Mombasa County, Kenya. A cross-sectional survey-based approach was used to collect primary data. With the help of 3 research assistants, the researcher utilized the drop and pick method to hand deliver the survey questionnaires to the project implementation team in charge of the road construction projects. The collected data was processed and entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet used for statistical analysis. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The Pearson’s product moment correlation results indicated that project planning practices had positive and significant relationship with implementation of road construction projects in Mombasa County, Kenya. The regression results indicated that that project resource planning and project resource monitoring had positive and significant influence on implementation of road construction projects in Mombasa County, Kenya. The project managers should recognize the importance of project resource management practices and apply them to foster the implementation of road construction projects. The policymakers should initiate policy review to motivate project managers to recognize the importance of project resource management practices and apply them to foster implementation of road construction projects. Future researchers should examine the moderating effect of project complexity on the relationship between project resource management and implementation of road construction projects in other regions or contexts.

INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF BUILDING ACCESSORIES MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA

JULIUS ONGUSO — 2026-04-30

The building accessories manufacturing sector contributes significantly to Kenya’s economy through employment creation and support for infrastructural development. However, the sector grapples with high production costs, intense competition from imports, and limited technological integration. This study examined the influence of digital supply chain management system (DSCMS) on competitive advantage among building accessories manufacturing firms in Kenya, with firm size as a moderating variable. Adopting a positivist philosophy and an ex-post facto research design, primary data were collected from 104 key informants in 24 firms using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with CEOs, achieving an 87% response rate. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests of association, and binary logistic regression (with interaction terms for moderation) in SPSS Version 27, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Results revealed a significant positive association between adequate DSCMS and competitive advantage (β = 1.386, SE = 0.620, Wald = 5.000, p = 0.015, OR = 4.000). Firm size significantly moderated this relationship (interaction β = 1.609, SE = 0.632, Wald = 6.476, p = 0.011, OR = 5.000), with larger firms deriving greater benefits. Descriptive findings indicated moderate adoption of visibility, tracking, and automation elements alongside notable gaps in overall system utilization and staff training. The study concludes that DSCMS is a key driver of competitive advantage in this sector, with its impact amplified by firm scale. It recommends size-tailored investments in DSCMS technologies, continuous workforce training, and policy support through differentiated incentives to promote inclusive digital transformation and long-term sector sustainability.

STRATEGIC CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE OF NETWORK FACILITIES PROVIDERS IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

OMAR MOHAMMED RUWA — 2026-05-01

This research examined the influence of strategic control on performance of network facilities providers in Mombasa County, Kenya. Specifically, the research examined the influence of strategic premise control and strategic surveillance control on performance of network facilities providers in Mombasa County, Kenya. The theoretical framework was underpinned by the resource-based theory, the theory of constraints, contingency theory and firm growth theory. The study employed the correlational research design to test non-causal relationships among study variables. The target population consisted of 88 managers of the 11 network facilities providers in Mombasa County, Kenya. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 72 managers of the 11 network facilities providers in Mombasa County, Kenya. A pilot study was conducted to ascertain the validity and reliability of the constructed survey questionnaire. A cross-sectional survey-based approach was used to collect primary data. With the help of 3 research assistants, the researcher utilized the drop and pick method to hand deliver the survey questionnaires to the project implementation team in charge of the road construction projects. The collected data was processed and entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet used for statistical analysis. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The Pearson’s product moment correlation results indicated that strategic control had positive and significant relationship with performance of network facilities providers in Mombasa County, Kenya. The regression results indicated that that strategic premise control and strategic surveillance control had positive and significant influence on performance of network facilities providers in Mombasa County, Kenya. The project managers should recognize the importance of strategic control and apply them to foster the performance of network facilities providers. The policymakers should initiate policy review to motivate project managers to recognize the importance of strategic control and apply them to foster performance of network facilities providers. Future researchers should examine moderating effect of project complexity on the relationship between strategic control and performance of network facilities providers in other regions or contexts.

DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE IN KENYA

DONALD MWACHOFI MWAZIGHE — 2026-05-17

The public is interested in and concerned about the performance of the National Police Service because security-related issues persist in Kenya despite the government's promise to reforming the security sector. This study examined the effect of democratic leadership on performance of the National Police Service in Kenya. The study adopted a correlational research design guided by positivism research philosophy. The study targeted 1,437 gazetted officers and four civil society organizations, from which 314 respondents were sampled using stratified random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and interview guides and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 28. A pilot study was conducted with 31 senior police officers and validity results showed that the content of the questionnaire was valid as approved by professionals, while reliability results confirmed internal consistency of the research instruments. Descriptive analysis revealed moderate to high levels of agreement among senior officers, with democratic leadership rated most favorably. Qualitative findings highlighted that while officers value inclusive leadership and collaborative decision-making, implementation remains inconsistent across ranks and regions. Inferential analysis confirmed that democratic leadership significantly influences the performance of the National Police Service in Kenya and emerged as the strongest predictor of performance. Multiple regression established that leadership practices explained a substantial proportion of the variance in police performance, while hierarchical regression demonstrated that security sector reforms amplified the impact of democratic leadership. Overall, democratic leadership and structured reforms were seen as essential drivers of improved police performance.

BEYOND PROCEDURAL COMPLIANCE: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AS A DETERMINANT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PERFORMANCE IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING DELIVERY IN KENYA

ELIJAH ORANGO — 2026-06-20

Public-Private partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as Kenya’s primary institutional strategy for addressing a chronic housing deficit exceeding 200,000 units annually, yet the programme has consistently undelivered, with fewer than 16% of annual housing units targets met as of 2023/24 financial year. The study aimed at examining the impact of stakeholder engagement on the performance of PPP, in the implementation and delivery of affordable housing projects in Kenya. A mixed –method research h design was adopted, integrating quantitative survey data from 318 professionals across 13 stakeholders strata in the Nairobi Metropolitan region, drawn from a target population 318, calculated using Yamane’s (1967) formula at a 95% confidence interval, yielding an 82.6% response rate, with qualitative evidence from 20 purposively selected Key Informant Interviews. Quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics, Chi-Square tests of association with Cramer’s V effect size, bivariate logistic regression, and multiple logistic regression using SPSS version 25. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic content analysis following Braun and Clarke (2006) framework. The study was grounded theoretically in Freeman’s (1984) stakeholder theory, Arnstein’s (1969) ladder of citizen participation, and principal-agent theory. A statistically significant and practically strong association was established between stakeholder engagement and PPP housing performance (χ²(51) = 837.794, p < 0.001, Cramér's V = 0.937). Multiple logistic regression identified early stakeholder identification (AOR=12.531, p=0.003), communication transparency (AOR=12.118, p=0.017), and role clarity (AOR=3.624, p<0.001) as the most robust independent predictors of performance. Over 60% of respondents assessed stakeholder engagement as inadequate across all six measured dimensions. Qualitative evidence revealed a structurally reproduced governance gap between procedural and substantive participation, with publication-based consultation mechanisms systematically excluding digitally marginalized populations, and a Housing Levy governance paradox in which the public’s compulsory financial participation in programme financing is unmatched by commensurate governed voice in project planning and design. This study concludes that stakeholder engagement constitute a foundational determinant of PPP housing performance in Kenya, and the programme’s persistent underdelivery is substantially attributable to a stakeholder governance architecture that is institutionally tokenistic, structurally exclusionary, and misaligned with the constitutional and developmental imperatives of substantive public participation. Meaningful improvement in PPP housing performance requires the institutionalization of early, inclusive, and binding stakeholder engagement as a precondition for project approval, supported by communication strategies that transcend the digital divide, governance reforms that match financial participation with participatory rights, and accountability mechanisms that ensure community feedback is systematically incorporated into binding project decisions.

THE EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY DIMENSIONS ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

HELLENA KASAYA — 2026-06-23

The real estate sector in Mombasa County is characterized by highly competitive environment where customer satisfaction has become a pivotal factor for organizational survival and growth. Real estate firms were therefore required to ensure that the services they offered continually delivered services that met or went beyond clients’ expectations, helping to build lasting relationships and increase customer loyalty Within service-oriented sectors, several elements of service quality including reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy were widely recognized as key determinants influencing how satisfied customers felt after receiving services. This study sought to examine how different dimensions of service quality influenced customer satisfaction within the real estate sector in Mombasa County. Specifically, the research evaluated the influence of service reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy on the satisfaction levels of customers. The study was anchored on Expectation Confirmation Theory, the Disconfirmation of Expectations Theory, and the Perceived Service Quality Model, which collectively provided a theoretical framework for understanding how perceived service quality shaped customer satisfaction. A descriptive survey design was adopted to collect data on the experiences and perceptions of clients who interacted with real estate firms operating in Mombasa County. The target population comprised approximately 1,200 active clients drawn from leading real estate companies in the county, including more than 700 tenants, 350 property purchasers, and 150 corporate leasing clients. A sample of 300 respondents was selected using proportionate sampling techniques across the different client categories. To ensure the reliability and validity of the research instrument, a pilot test was conducted involving 15 clients from selected real estate firms within Mombasa County. Data collection relied on structured questionnaires. The collected data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 29). To summarize the collected data, descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, and mean values were applied. Further, inferential statistics, namely correlation and regression analysis, were used to determine the relationships and measure the intensity of association between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction. The findings revealed that all service quality dimensions had a positive and statistically significant effect on customer satisfaction in the real estate sector in Mombasa County. Service reliability emerged as the most predictive factor, indicating that clients highly valued consistent service delivery, timely fulfillment of commitments, and accurate information from real estate firms. Service responsiveness was also found to significantly influence customer satisfaction, as clients appreciated prompt responses to inquiries and quick resolution of service issues. Service assurance contributed significantly to customer satisfaction through professional conduct, competence of staff and the ability of firms to instill trust and confidence among clients. Additionally, service empathy was found to positively influence customer satisfaction as clients valued personalized attention, understanding of their specific needs, and friendly interactions with service providers. It is concluded that service quality dimensions played a critical role in shaping customer satisfaction in the real estate sector in Mombasa County. Firms that demonstrated high levels of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy were more likely to achieve higher levels of customer satisfaction and long-term client retention. The study recommended that real estate firms in Mombasa County should prioritize improving service reliability by ensuring accurate property information, honoring contractual commitments, and delivering services within agreed timelines.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON HUMAN RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEM EFFICIENCY IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH IN OMAN

ALI AHMED ALI AL-QUTAITI — 2026-06-30

Digital transformation has become a critical driver of organizational efficiency and innovation, particularly in public sector institutions. Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) play a vital role in managing employee information, streamlining HR processes, and supporting strategic decision-making. The Ministry of Health in Oman has increasingly adopted digital technologies to improve HR operations and enhance service delivery. However, the effectiveness of digital transformation in improving HRIS efficiency remains an important area for investigation. This study aims to assess the impact of digital transformation on Human Resource Information System efficiency within the Ministry of Health in Oman. Specifically, the study examines the role and importance of digital transformation, evaluates the level of digital transformation in HRIS, assesses HRIS efficiency, identifies challenges affecting implementation, and proposes improvement strategies. A quantitative research approach was adopted using a structured questionnaire distributed to employees working within the Ministry of Health. A total of 82 valid responses were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis through Microsoft Excel. The findings indicate that respondents perceive digital transformation as highly beneficial in improving HR service quality, reducing administrative workload, enhancing decision-making processes, and increasing overall HR efficiency. The descriptive statistics revealed high mean scores for both digital transformation (M = 4.73) and HRIS efficiency (M = 4.70). Furthermore, correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between digital transformation and HRIS efficiency (r = 0.605). Regression analysis revealed that digital transformation significantly predicts HRIS efficiency (β = 0.464, p < 0.001) and explains approximately 36.6% of the variation in HRIS performance (R² = 0.366). The study concludes that digital transformation significantly enhances HRIS efficiency within the Ministry of Health. The findings highlight the importance of continuous technological investment, employee training, and infrastructure development to maximize the benefits of digital transformation. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on digital HR management in the public healthcare sector and provides practical recommendations for policymakers and HR practitioners.

RWANDA AGRICULTURE BOARD SUPPORT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT OF BENEFICIARIES: A CASE OF COOPERATIVE OF RICE DEVELOPMENT OF MUTARA VALLEY IN NYAGATARE DISTRICT

MARCEL SEBAHIRE — 2026-07-02

This study examined the role of Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB) support programs on the socio-economic improvement of beneficiaries, with a focus on CODERVAM Cooperative in Nyagatare District, Rwanda. Specifically, it assessed the influence of training programs, financing support, and technical support on farmers' socio-economic outcomes, including income levels, food security, asset ownership, and living standards. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was adopted, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from a sample of 170 respondents selected from a target population of 320 using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were gathered using structured questionnaires and interview guides, while secondary data were obtained through document review. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis with the aid of SPSS version 27. The findings revealed that training programs were highly rated by respondents (composite mean = 4.45), financing support (mean = 4.44), and technical support (mean = 4.43), indicating strong positive perceptions of RAB interventions. Correlation results showed a strong positive relationship between socio-economic improvement and training programs (r = 0.688, p = 0.000), financing support (r = 0.615, p = 0.000), and a moderate relationship with technical support (r = 0.353, p = 0.000). Regression analysis indicated that training programs (β = 0.438, p = 0.000) and financing support (β = 0.389, p = 0.000) significantly influence socio-economic improvement, while technical support (β = 0.049, p = 0.425) was not statistically significant. The model explained 57.3% of the variation in socio-economic improvement (R² = 0.573), confirming a strong explanatory power of the independent variables. The study concludes that RAB training and financing support are key drivers of socio-economic improvement among cooperative members, while technical support plays a complementary but less significant role. It recommends strengthening integrated agricultural support systems, improving access to timely financing, and enhancing the quality and reach of training and extension services.

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE OF SACCOS IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYA

DANIEL KIPLEL BIRGEN — 2026-07-13

SACCOs in Uasin Gishu County struggle to optimize available tools and systems, resulting in inefficiencies, higher operational costs, slower service delivery, and decreased competitiveness, which ultimately hinders financial growth, customer satisfaction, and market share. Thus, the paper sought to analyze the impact of data management systems on SACCO performance in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The theoretical foundation was based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Resource-Based View (RBV). The targeted population was 227 SACCO employees and using Yamane formula 145 respondents formed the sample group. These respondents were stratified as per their role and filled the questionnaire. The conducted descriptive and inferential statistics revealed that data management systems at (r = 0.732, β = 0.249, p = 0.007) was positively associated with SACCO performance. The study concluded that increased use of data management systems enhances service efficiency, member satisfaction, decision-making and overall performance. The study recommends that SACCOs should adopt effective data management systems to enhance performance.

ORGANIZATIONAL RESTRUCTURING

MELLY SAMUEL KIPKEMBOI — 2026-07-13

Service delivery is a critical indicator of organizational effectiveness in public sector institutions. Although the Retirement Benefits Authority (RBA) has undertaken several strategic change initiatives aimed at enhancing organizational performance, concerns relating to service efficiency, responsiveness, transparency, and the overall quality of service delivery continue to persist. This study paper focuses on influence of organizational restructuring on service delivery. The relationship between the variables was anchored on the contingency theory of organizational design. A descriptive research design was employed in targeting the 311 employees of RBA and 175 were sampled to take the part in this research, of which 156 filled and returned the questionnaire. the conducted analysis revealed that organizational restricting at (β₁= 0.397, p = 0.000), having positive and statistically significant effects on service delivery. The findings indicate that effective restructuring of the organization improved operational efficiency, greater responsiveness, enhanced transparency, and better overall organizational performance. Based on these findings, the study concludes that restructuring RBA enhanced its service delivery and thus recommends reinforcing the organizational structures to enhance the quality and effectiveness of service delivery.

EFFECT OF RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON PERFORMANCE OF SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES IN RWANDA.

MUKIZA JOSEPH — 2026-08-29

This study aimed to explore the risk management strategies and performance of Saving and Credit Cooperatives in Rwanda. The specific objectives of the study were to evaluate the risk management strategies adopted by UMURENGE SACCOs in Gisagara District, to assess the performance of UMURENGE SACCOs in Gisagara District, and to examine the relationship between risk management strategies and the performance of UMURENGE SACCOs in Gisagara District. A mixed-method approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods, was used to collect and analyse data, along with descriptive and correlational research designs. The sample size consisted of 86 individuals, and data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Findings indicate mean score of 4.26 show that there is presence of a well-defined credit risk policy. Liquidity risk management is also robust, with mean score of 4.39 confirming sufficient liquid assets. Regression analysis shows that risk management strategies explain 96.7% of the variation in SACCOs performance (Adjusted R² = 0.967). The non-performing loan (NPL) ratio stands at 4.8%, below the regulatory threshold of 5%, indicating effective credit risk management. The liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) is 132%, demonstrating strong liquidity reserves. Furthermore, the return on assets (ROA) ratio is 6.2%, reflecting profitability linked to effective risk management. Credit risk management exhibits a strong correlation with performance (r = 0.65, p = 0.002), while operational risk management has the highest impact (r = 0.70, p = 0.001). ANOVA results confirm the model’s significance (F = 580.493, p < 0.000). Regression coefficients highlight that credit risk management (B = 0.915, p < 0.001) has the strongest effect, followed by operational risk management (B = 0.280, p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the necessity of sound risk management strategies to enhance SACCOs’ financial sustainability. UMURENGE SACCOs in Gisagara District’s continued success is tightly linked to its ability to manage various financial and operational risks, providing a solid foundation for future growth. The study recommends that UMURENGE SACCOS IN GISAGARA DISTRICT should strengthen contingency planning for liquidity risks and enhance market risk policies to further bolster financial stability. Additionally, continuous improvement in customer service and operational efficiency will solidify its competitive position.

THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVE FINANCIAL AND OPERATIONAL SERVICES IN PROMOTING FINANCIAL INCLUSION AMONG TEACHERS IN RURAL RWANDA

MUTABAZI EVARISTE — 2026-08-29

This study examined the effect of cooperative financial and operational services on teachers’ financial inclusion, using Umwalimu SACCO in Nyaruguru District as a case study for the period 2020–2024. The specific objectives were to identify the financial and operational services offered by the SACCO, assess the level of financial inclusion among teachers, and determine the relationship between SACCO services and financial inclusion. The study adopted a descriptive and correlational research design, targeting teachers who are members of Umwalimu SACCO. A sample size of 97 respondents was selected using appropriate sampling techniques. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interview guides, and analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation) and inferential statistics (multiple linear regression and ANOVA) with the support of SPSS. The findings revealed that cooperative financial and operational services are highly rated, with savings products (Mean = 4.24) and service quality (Mean = 4.22) emerging as the strongest components, while loan processing efficiency recorded the lowest mean (Mean = 4.04). The level of financial inclusion among teachers was found to be high (Overall Mean = 4.16), with reliability (Mean = 4.29) and affordability (Mean = 4.18) being the most prominent dimensions. Regression results indicated a strong and statistically significant relationship between SACCO services and financial inclusion (R = 0.812, R² = 0.659, p < 0.05), implying that 65.9% of the variation in financial inclusion is explained by cooperative financial and operational services. Among the predictors, service quality (β = 0.281), savings products (β = 0.238), and loan provision (β = 0.214) had the greatest influence. The study concludes that cooperative financial and operational services play a critical role in promoting financial inclusion among teachers. It recommends that Umwalimu SACCO should strengthen service quality, improve loan processing efficiency, expand branch coverage, and enhance digital financial services to further improve access and participation. Future research should explore the role of financial literacy and digital adoption in influencing financial inclusion in rural contexts.

CHANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

FARHIYA OMAR IBRAHIM — 2026-08-29

The adoption of electric automobiles marks the significant step made by Kenya towards sustainable transport. Electric vehicles will help decrease reliance on fossil fuel and enhance air quality in cities. However, in spite of the increasing interest in electric vehicles, their adoption has been very slow particularly in Nairobi City County where problems connected to traffic jams and air contamination arise. High price of vehicles, unavailability of supportive infrastructure, low level of technology expertise and reluctance to adopt new technologies are some of the hindrances. Despite the mentioned influences, not much research concerning the role of change management practices in electric vehicle adoption has been conducted. Consequently, the purpose of the paper was to analyze the role of change management practices in electric vehicle adoption in Nairobi City County in Kenya. Specifically, the following factors influencing the electric vehicle adoption were analyzed: communication strategies, technological training, resistance management, and strategic partnerships. The research was based on Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, Lewin Change Management Model, and Stakeholder Theory. Descriptive-explanatory research design was used and the target group of the research was 2250 people. In conducting the study, stratified random sampling was used, and the sample consisted of 411 participants. Primary data were obtained through semi-structured questionnaires and subjected to descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS Version 26. It was determined that communication strategies, technology training, resistance management, and strategic partnerships had significant positive impacts on electric vehicle adoption. It was found that communication strategies were the most important factor impacting the process of adoption, followed by technology training, partnerships, and resistance management. It was established that enhancing good communication, technology training, resistance management, and strategic partnerships was necessary to increase the level of electric vehicle adoption in Nairobi City County. Moreover, it was recommended that integrated communication systems be developed, continuous technology training should be institutionalized, strategic partnerships be established, and methods of eliminating resistance and involving citizens should be improved.