EFFECT OF PLASTIC WASTE COLLECTION ON THE SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMIZATION OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS IN KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA
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Abstract
Manufacturers face challenges integrating product recovery into logistics despite its sustainability benefits. Supply chain optimization is vital for efficiency, cost reduction, and competitiveness. In Kisumu County, Kenya, about 30 tons of plastic waste are generated daily, creating environmental and economic challenges due to improper disposal and disrupted plastic product supply chains. Despite the growing awareness of the environmental impacts of plastic waste, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding the specific effects of plastic waste collection and transportation, product recovery and recycling, and remanufacturing and reprocessing on the supply chain optimization of plastic products in Kisumu County. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of plastic waste collection on supply chain optimization. The study was anchored on Triple Bottom Line Theory. The study utilized correlational research design and based positivist research philosophy. The study population consisted of 120 employees of the two plastic manufacturing companies in Kisumu County who were surveyed using census technique. Instrument reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient at α = 0.7. Data analysis employed multiple regression, and results presented in tables and charts. The results collectively demonstrated that reverse logistics practices positively influence supply chain optimization in plastic manufacturing firms in Kisumu County. In particular, waste collection through source separation and automatic sorting technologies, recorded the highest explanatory power (R² = 0.502, P<0.05), meaning that these practices account for about 50.2% of the variance in supply chain optimization. Plastic firms in Kisumu should strengthen source separation with clear guidelines, adequate facilities, and staff training, while gradually adopting automated sorting technologies through partnerships and incentives to optimize supply chains and sustainability.
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References
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Karayılan, S., Yılmaz, Ö., Uysal, Ç., & Naneci, S. (2021). Prospective Evaluation of Circular Economy Practices Within Plastic Packaging Value Chain Through Optimization of Life Cycle Impacts and Circularity. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 173, 105691.
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Mentzer, J. T., Dewitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining Supply Chain Management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1–25. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/J.2158-1592.2001.Tb00001.X
Messick, S. (1995). Validity of Psychological Assessment: Validation of Inferences from Persons’ Responses and Performances as Scientific Inquiry into Score Meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741–749. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.741
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Owusu-Sekyere, E., Osumanu, I. K., & Abdul-Kadri, Y. (2013). An Analysis of the Plastic Waste Collection and Wealth Linkages in Ghana.
Rao, K. N. (2005). Sampling Methodologies wiith Applications. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Reverse Logistics Association, The Guide to Reverse Logistics for Returns Management Efficiency," Reverse Logistics Magazine, 2021.
Ruj, B., Pandey, V., Jash, P., & Srivastava, V. K. (2015). Sorting of Plastic Waste for Effective Recycling. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Res, 4(4), 564-571.
Salem, S., El-Khatib, K., & Ali, A. (2023). Circular Economy and Waste Collection: Implications for Sustainable Supply Chain Optimization. Sustainability, 15(2), 987. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Su15020987
Santander, P., Sanchez, F. A. C., Boudaoud, H., & Camargo, M. (2020). Closed Loop Supply Chain Network for Local and Distributed Plastic Recycling for 3D Printing: A MILP-Based Optimization Approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154, 104531.
Serranti, S., & Bonifazi, G. (2019). Techniques for Separation of Plastic Wastes. in Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-Efficient Concrete (Pp. 9-37). Woodhead Publishing.
Setyawati, A. D., Lu, Y. Y., Liu, C. Y., & Liang, S. Y. (2020). Disaster Knowledge, Skills, and Preparedness Among Nurses in Bengkulu, Indonesia: A Descriptive Correlational Survey Study. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 46(5), 633-641.
Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P., & Simchi-Levi, E. (2014). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, and Case Studies (3rd Ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.
Slaper, T. F., & Hall, T. J. (2011). The Triple Bottom Line: What is it and How Does it Work? Indiana Business Review, 86(1), 4–8.
Srivastava, S.K. (2007). Green Supply-Chain Management: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 53-80.
Valenzuela, J., Alfaro, M., Fuertes, G., Vargas, M., & Sáez-Navarrete, C. (2021). Reverse Logistics Models for the Collection of Plastic Waste: A Literature Review. Waste Management & Research, 39(9), 1116-1134.
Vedpal, & Jain, V. (2011). A Conceptual Framework for Modelling Reverse Logistics Networks. International Journal of Business Performance and Supply Chain Modelling, 3(4), 353-363.
Agrawal, S., Singh, R.K., & Murtaza, Q. (2015). A Literature Review and Perspectives in Reverse Logistics. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 97, 76-92.
Ahmad, S. R. (2004). A New Technology for Automatic Identification and Sorting of Plastics for Recycling. Environmental Technology, 25(10), 1143-1149.
Baffour, B., & King, T. (2017). the Use and Implications of a Census for Research. in Social Research Methods (Pp. 45-58). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Balwada, J., Samaiya, S., & Mishra, R. P. (2021). Packaging Plastic Waste Management for a Circular Economy and Identifying a Better Waste Collection System Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Procedia CIRP, 98, 270-275.
Bernat, M. (2023). Waste Collection Systems and Their Role in Circular Economy Performance: A Critical Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 405, 136987. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jclepro.2023.136987
Carter, C. R., & Rogers, D. S. (2008). A Framework of Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Moving Toward New Theory. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 38(5), 360–387. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/09600030810882816
Chanintrakul, P., Coronado Mondragon, A. E., Lalwani, C., & Wong, C. Y. (2009). Reverse Logistics Network Design: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review. International Journal of Business Performance and Supply Chain Modelling, 1(1), 61-81.
Choi, J., Lim, S., & Yoo, J. (2023). Material Flow Analysis and Optimization of Plastic Waste Recycling Supply Chains. Sustainability, 15(2), 1024.
Chopra, S., & Meindl, P. (2016). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation. Prentice Hall.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/BF02310555
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct Validity in Psychological Tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281-302.
Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2004). Reverse Logistics: Quantitative Models for Closed-Loop Supply Chains. Springer.
Delmas, M. A., & Montiel, I. (2009). Greening the Supply Chain: When is Customer Pressure Effective? Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 18(1), 171–201. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1530-9134.2009.00211.X
Durbin, J., & Watson, G. S. (1992). Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression. I. in Breakthroughs in Statistics: Methodology and Distribution (Pp. 237-259). New York, NY: Springer New York.
Ercan, İ., Yazıcı, B., & Sigirli, D. (2007). Examining Cronbach Alpha, Theta, Omega Reliability Coefficients According to Sample Size. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 291–300. Https://Doi.Org/10.22237/Jmasm/1177993080
Eriksen, M. K., & Astrup, T. F. (2019). Characterization of Source-Separated, Rigid Plastic Waste and Evaluation of Recycling Initiatives: Effects of Product Design and Source-Separation System. Waste Management, 87, 161-172.
Fråne, A., Stenmark, Å., Gislason, S., Lyng, K. A., Løkke, S., Zu Castell-Rüdenhausen, M., & Wahlström, M. (2014). Collection & Recycling of Plastic Waste: Improvements in Existing Collection and Recycling Systems in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers.
Govindan, K., Soleimani, H., & Kannan, D. (2015). Reverse Logistics and Closed-Loop Supply Chain: A Comprehensive Review to Explore the Future. European Journal of Operational Research, 240(3), 603-626.
Groot, J., Bing, X., Bos-Brouwers, H., & Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J. (2014). A Comprehensive Waste Collection Cost Model Applied to Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 85, 79-87.
Hannan, M. A., Lipu, M. H., Akhtar, M., Begum, R. A., Al Mamun, M. A., Hussain, A., ... & Basri, H. (2020). Solid Waste Collection Optimization Objectives, Constraints, Modeling Approaches, and their Challenges Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123557.
Ingram, H., & Schneider, A. (1991). The Choice of Target Populations. Administration & Society, 23(3), 333-356.
Karayılan, S., Yılmaz, Ö., Uysal, Ç., & Naneci, S. (2021). Prospective Evaluation of Circular Economy Practices Within Plastic Packaging Value Chain Through Optimization of Life Cycle Impacts and Circularity. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 173, 105691.
Kinobe, J. R., Bosona, T., Gebresenbet, G., Niwagaba, C. B., & Vinnerås, B. (2015). Optimization of Waste Collection and Disposal in Kampala City. Habitat International, 49, 126-137.
Kokoulin, A. N., Uzhakov, A. A., & Tur, A. I. (2020). the Automated Sorting Methods Modernization of Municipal Solid Waste Processing System. in 2020 International Russian Automation Conference (Rusautocon) (Pp. 1074-1078). IEEE.
Lubongo, C., & Alexandridis, P. (2022). Assessment of Performance and Challenges in Use of Commercial Automated Sorting Technology for Plastic Waste. Recycling, 7(2), 11.
Lubongo, C., Daej, M. A. B., & Alexandridis, P. (2024). Automated Sorting Technology for Plastic Waste. In Reuse of Plastic Waste in Eco-Efficient Concrete (Pp. 13-35). Woodhead Publishing.
Macarthur, D. E., Waughray, D., & Stuchtey, M. R. (2016). The New Plastics Economy, Rethinking the Future of Plastics. in World Economic Forum (Vol. 17). Ellen Macarthur Foundation and Mckinsey & Company London, UK.
Martin Christopher, "Logistics & Supply Chain Management," Pearson UK, 5th Edition, 2016.
Mentzer, J. T., Dewitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining Supply Chain Management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1–25. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/J.2158-1592.2001.Tb00001.X
Messick, S. (1995). Validity of Psychological Assessment: Validation of Inferences from Persons’ Responses and Performances as Scientific Inquiry into Score Meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741–749. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.741
Obongo, T., Okotto, L., & Kinaro, Z. (2021). Solid waste management along Lake Victoria beeches. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 42(15), 1509-1630.
Owusu-Sekyere, E., Osumanu, I. K., & Abdul-Kadri, Y. (2013). An Analysis of the Plastic Waste Collection and Wealth Linkages in Ghana.
Rao, K. N. (2005). Sampling Methodologies wiith Applications. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Reverse Logistics Association, The Guide to Reverse Logistics for Returns Management Efficiency," Reverse Logistics Magazine, 2021.
Ruj, B., Pandey, V., Jash, P., & Srivastava, V. K. (2015). Sorting of Plastic Waste for Effective Recycling. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Res, 4(4), 564-571.
Salem, S., El-Khatib, K., & Ali, A. (2023). Circular Economy and Waste Collection: Implications for Sustainable Supply Chain Optimization. Sustainability, 15(2), 987. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Su15020987
Santander, P., Sanchez, F. A. C., Boudaoud, H., & Camargo, M. (2020). Closed Loop Supply Chain Network for Local and Distributed Plastic Recycling for 3D Printing: A MILP-Based Optimization Approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154, 104531.
Serranti, S., & Bonifazi, G. (2019). Techniques for Separation of Plastic Wastes. in Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-Efficient Concrete (Pp. 9-37). Woodhead Publishing.
Setyawati, A. D., Lu, Y. Y., Liu, C. Y., & Liang, S. Y. (2020). Disaster Knowledge, Skills, and Preparedness Among Nurses in Bengkulu, Indonesia: A Descriptive Correlational Survey Study. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 46(5), 633-641.
Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P., & Simchi-Levi, E. (2014). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, and Case Studies (3rd Ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.
Slaper, T. F., & Hall, T. J. (2011). The Triple Bottom Line: What is it and How Does it Work? Indiana Business Review, 86(1), 4–8.
Srivastava, S.K. (2007). Green Supply-Chain Management: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 53-80.
Valenzuela, J., Alfaro, M., Fuertes, G., Vargas, M., & Sáez-Navarrete, C. (2021). Reverse Logistics Models for the Collection of Plastic Waste: A Literature Review. Waste Management & Research, 39(9), 1116-1134.
Vedpal, & Jain, V. (2011). A Conceptual Framework for Modelling Reverse Logistics Networks. International Journal of Business Performance and Supply Chain Modelling, 3(4), 353-363.