CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATION FIRMS IN KENYA
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of corporate social responsibility on performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. Specifically, the study examined the influence of philanthropic responsibility and social responsibility on performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. The study was informed by the resource-based theory, stakeholder theory, and resource-advantage theory. The study employed the correlational cross-sectional survey research design to test noncausal relationship between the study variables without the researcher controlling any of them. The target population consisted of the 190 managers of the 37 telecommunication firms in Kenya. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 129 managers from a target population of 190 managers of the 37 telecommunication firms in Kenya. A self-administered structured survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data. A cross-sectional survey-based approach was used to collect primary data. The study utilized the drop and pick method. The collected data was coded, edited and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet that was used for statistical analysis. The descriptive statistics were used to compute, summarize the data in respect to each variable and describe the sample’s characteristics. The correlation results indicated that philanthropic responsibility and social responsibility had positive and significant relationship with the performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. The regression results indicated that philanthropic responsibility and social responsibility had positive and significant influence on the performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. The study recommends that managers and practitioners should consider a holistic reassessment and implementation of the corporate social responsibility to foster the performance of telecommunication firms. The policymakers should consider initiating a review of the existing policies to motivate the managers and practitioners to consider a holistic reassessment and implementation of the corporate social responsibility to foster the performance of telecommunication firms. Future research should examine the influence of corporate social responsibility on firm performance with corporate culture as a moderator in other sectors or contexts.
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References
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Abia, U., Uwah, U., & Ukpong, E. (2025). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Finance and Economics Research, 13(1), 201-224.
Abramova, O., Krasovska, O., & Chernyshov, O. (2025). Organizational components of the growth of the role of corporate social responsibility under the conditions of social transformations. Conferencii,(2025) 11.
Ahmad, R. A. R., Abd Sata, F. H., Azmi, N. A., Zainon, S., & Probohudono, A. N. (2025). Enhancing corporate philanthropy through board competency and financial health: Accelerating progress towards sustainable. Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5(1), e03147-e03147.
Akhter, W., & Hassan, A. (2024). Does corporate social responsibility mediate the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance? Empirical evidence from BRICS countries. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(1), 566-578.
Alkhamra, R., Al-Omari, H. M., & Hani, H. A. B. (2023). Reliability and validity assessment of a survey: Measuring satisfaction with cochlear implant rehabilitation services for children in Jordan. PloS One, 18(12), e0295939.
Althubaiti, A. (2023). Sample size determination: A practical guide for health researchers. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 24(2), 72-78.
Andriyani, A., Suryatni, M., & Sakti, D. P. B. (2024). The effect of organisational restructuring and work motivation on employee performance moderated by workforce agility at the regional secretariat of NTB Province. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 11(1), 622-632.
Appannan, J. S., Mohd Said, R., Ong, T. S., & Senik, R. (2023). Promoting sustainable development through strategies, environmental management accounting and environmental performance. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(4), 1914-1930.
Ariyo, G. K. (2023). Corporate social responsibility and competitive edge. Lesson from mtn Uganda. Texila International Journal of Management, 9(2), 14-25.
Baía, E. P., & Ferreira, J. J. (2024). Dynamic capabilities and performance: How has the relationship been assessed?. Journal of Management & Organization, 30(1), 188-217.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.
Barney, J. B., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-based theory and the value creation framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936-1955.
Barney, J. B., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-based theory and the value creation framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936-1955.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Bukowska-Piestrzyńska, A., & Motowidlak, U. (2025). Social responsibility of universities–theoretical and practical approach. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management/Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie, (217).
Buzzao, G., & Rizzi, F. (2023). The role of dynamic capabilities for resilience in pursuing business continuity: an empirical study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 34(11-12), 1353-1385.
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745-783.
Chikere, N. A., & Adoga, E. O. (2024). Effect of corporate social responsibility strategies on firm performance: A Sub-Saharan experience. European Journal of Applied Business and Management, 10(3), 18-29.
Chopra, A., Singh, A., Debnath, R., & Quttainah, M. A. (2024). Mapping corporate sustainability and firm performance research: A scientometric and bibliometric examination. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(7), 304-321.
Coelho, R., Jayantilal, S., & Ferreira, J. J. (2023). The impact of social responsibility on corporate financial performance: A systematic literature review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 30(4), 1535-1560.
Coston, A., Kawakami, A., Zhu, H., Holstein, K., & Heidari, H. (2023, February). A validity perspective on evaluating the justified use of data-driven decision-making algorithms. In 2023 IEEE conference on secure and trustworthy machine learning (SaTML) (pp. 690-704). IEEE.
Davis, D. F., & McCarthy-Byrne, T. M. (2022). Resource-advantage theory. In Handbook of Theories for Purchasing, Supply Chain and Management Research (pp. 140-152). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Duo-Duo, G. S. C. (2025). Corporate social responsibility cost and financial. Journal of Management Science and Career Development,14(14), 13-26.
Eling, M. (2024). Is the telecommunication industry sustainable?. The Journal of Risk Finance, 25(4), 684-703.
Elovainio, M., & Kivipelto, M. (2025). The structural validity and psychometric properties of the key measure. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 1-30.
Firmansyah, A. (2025). The concept of corporate social responsibility and social enterprise: The Pursuit of social responsibilities in business practise. Business and Human Rights Law & Policy, 1(1), 81-94.
Frederick, F. O. S. (2025). The impact of employee-oriented corporate social responsibility (ECSR) on employee performance: Evidence from the small and medium enterprise (SME) Sector in Kenya: Employee-oriented corporate social responsibility (ECSR) and employee performance. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 1(2), 1-40.
Gachigo, J. (2024a). Effect of excise duty tax on the financial performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(9), 129-147.
Gachigo, J. (2024b). Effect of value added tax on the financial performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(9), 164-180.
Gamage, A. N. (2025). Research design, philosophy, and quantitative approaches in scientific research methodology. Sch J Eng Tech, 2, 91-103.
Gitonga, G. M., Kariuki, P., & Kimani, E. (2023). Product development strategies and competitive advantage of the telecommunication firms in Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(1), 22-34.
Gitonga, G. M., Kariuki, P., & Kimani, E. (2025). Market penetration strategies and competitive advantage of the telecommunication firms in Kenya. International Journal of Strategic Management, 4(1), 1-26.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (p. 197). Springer Nature.
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027.
Han, H., Baah, N. G., Kim, S., Chi, X., & Jung, I. (2025). Environmentally responsible behaviors in hospitality and tourism service employees: an application of complexity theory. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 35(1), 114-137.
Hiebl, M. R. (2023). Sample selection in systematic literature reviews of management research. Organizational research methods, 26(2), 229-261.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360.
Kalhotra, S. K., & Singh, N. (2025). Research methodology. Addition Publishing House.
Kimathi, T. W. (2024). Leadership, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability in airlines: Case study for Kenya Airways (Doctoral dissertation, Selinus University).
Koetsenruijter, J., & Wensing, M. (2023). Survey methods in health services research. In Foundations of Health Services Research: Principles, Methods, and Topics (pp. 99-110). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Le, T. T., Nguyen Ngoc, B., Tran Ho Phuong, K., Luong Hoang, M., Phan Kim, N., & Le Thi Cam, L. (2025). Driving corporate social responsibility, organizational learning and financial performance on sustainable corporate performance in family enterprises. Journal of Asia Business Studies, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2024-0145
Liu, Y., Dai, W., Liao, M., & Wei, J. (2021). Social status and corporate social responsibility: Evidence from Chinese privately owned firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 169, 651-672.
Martins, I., Amram, A., & Heman, O. U. (2025). Dynamics of corporate social responsibility and firm performance, study of telecommunication industry in Nigeria. BW Academic Journal, 15(1), 15-24.
Martins, I., Taiwo, O. J., & Perpetual, E. O. (2024). Corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable competitive advantage: Advancing beyond resource control. BW Academic Journal,10(4), 136-145.
May, T., & Perry, B. (2022). Social research: Issues, methods and process. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Mbakpenev, T. J., Nwala, M. N., & Andah, R. A. (2025). Effect of sustainability reporting on financial performance of listed telecommunications companies in Nigeria. UMM Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 5(1), 1-21.
Mutheu, M. N. (2023). Strategic innovations and organisational performance of telecommunication mobile network operators in Machakos County Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Mutheu, M. N., & Mwasiaji, E. (2023). Strategic innovations and telecommunication mobile network operators in Machakos County, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Information Systems and Technology, 2(1), 321-341.
Narayanan, S., Ab Rahim, H., Haque, R., bin S Senathirajah, A. R., & bin Omar Din, F. M. (2023). Empirical study on the effects of corporate social responsibility on organizational performance in the manufacturing sector: A case study on Nigeria: Flour Mills Nigeria Plc. Social Science Journal, 13(2), 1247-1265.
Ngugi, D. W., & Murugi, E. (2022). Competitive strategies and performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 4(1), 226-251.
Nguyen, L. T. P., Aleenajitpong, N., & Boon-itt, S. (2025). Emerging trends of environmental accounting research: a science mapping approach. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 21(2), 214-249.
Njoroge, G. W. (2024). Digital capabilities and performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Njoroge, G. W., & Kyalo, J. (2023). An investigation of digital capabilities and performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 10(4), 829-850.
Oduro, S., Umar, R. M., De Massis, A., & Haylemariam, L. G. (2025). Corporate social responsibility and family firm performance: A meta‐analytic review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 32(2), 1412-1443.
Ogbor, J. O. Bello, A. & Idenedo, O. W. (2023). Beyond resource control: corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, ethics, and sustainable competitive advantage. International Journal of Business Systems and Economics, 13(3), 17-39.
Penrose, E. T. (2009). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford university press.
Penrose, L. S. (1959). Self-reproducing machines. Scientific American, 200(6), 105-117.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Rahman, S. R., Rahman, M. M., & Yeo, Z. S. (2024). Reliability and validation of the malay version of the gender equitable men scale questionnaire. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC), 27(1), 88-95.
Salim, S., Wibisono, R. D., & Wan, A. (2025). Environmental responsibility in the hospitality sector: A 2000–2024 Bibliometric Analysis. OPSearch: American Journal of Open Research, 4(2), 1-17.
Saunders, M. N., & Darabi, F. (2024). Using multi-and mixed methods research designs. In Field Guide to Researching Employment and Industrial Relations (pp. 71-87). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997a). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997a). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997b). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Knowledge and Strategy, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997b). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Knowledge and Strategy, 18(7), 509-533.
Utami, H., & Alamanos, E. (2022). Resource-based theory. Resource-based theory. A review. Water Act, 2016, 1-26.
Varadarajan, R. (2023). Resource advantage theory, resource based theory, and theory of multimarket competition: Does multimarket rivalry restrain firms from leveraging resource advantages?. Journal of Business Research, 160, 113713.
Wambu, J. N., & Wamwayi, S. (2025). Strategic management process and performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. International Journal of Management and Business Research, 7(1), 348-363.
Yan, X., Espinosa-Cristia, J. F., Kumari, K., & Cioca, L. I. (2022). Relationship between corporate social responsibility, organizational trust, and corporate reputation for sustainable performance. Sustainability, 14(14), 8737.
Zakariyanezhad, Z., Mehrara, A., & Deiri, E. (2025). Identification of key drivers of social responsibility based on employee health and well-being. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 6(2), 82-91.
Abia, U., Uwah, U., & Ukpong, E. (2025). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Finance and Economics Research, 13(1), 201-224.
Abramova, O., Krasovska, O., & Chernyshov, O. (2025). Organizational components of the growth of the role of corporate social responsibility under the conditions of social transformations. Conferencii,(2025) 11.
Ahmad, R. A. R., Abd Sata, F. H., Azmi, N. A., Zainon, S., & Probohudono, A. N. (2025). Enhancing corporate philanthropy through board competency and financial health: Accelerating progress towards sustainable. Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5(1), e03147-e03147.
Akhter, W., & Hassan, A. (2024). Does corporate social responsibility mediate the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance? Empirical evidence from BRICS countries. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(1), 566-578.
Alkhamra, R., Al-Omari, H. M., & Hani, H. A. B. (2023). Reliability and validity assessment of a survey: Measuring satisfaction with cochlear implant rehabilitation services for children in Jordan. PloS One, 18(12), e0295939.
Althubaiti, A. (2023). Sample size determination: A practical guide for health researchers. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 24(2), 72-78.
Andriyani, A., Suryatni, M., & Sakti, D. P. B. (2024). The effect of organisational restructuring and work motivation on employee performance moderated by workforce agility at the regional secretariat of NTB Province. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 11(1), 622-632.
Appannan, J. S., Mohd Said, R., Ong, T. S., & Senik, R. (2023). Promoting sustainable development through strategies, environmental management accounting and environmental performance. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(4), 1914-1930.
Ariyo, G. K. (2023). Corporate social responsibility and competitive edge. Lesson from mtn Uganda. Texila International Journal of Management, 9(2), 14-25.
Baía, E. P., & Ferreira, J. J. (2024). Dynamic capabilities and performance: How has the relationship been assessed?. Journal of Management & Organization, 30(1), 188-217.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.
Barney, J. B., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-based theory and the value creation framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936-1955.
Barney, J. B., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-based theory and the value creation framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936-1955.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Bukowska-Piestrzyńska, A., & Motowidlak, U. (2025). Social responsibility of universities–theoretical and practical approach. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management/Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie, (217).
Buzzao, G., & Rizzi, F. (2023). The role of dynamic capabilities for resilience in pursuing business continuity: an empirical study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 34(11-12), 1353-1385.
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745-783.
Chikere, N. A., & Adoga, E. O. (2024). Effect of corporate social responsibility strategies on firm performance: A Sub-Saharan experience. European Journal of Applied Business and Management, 10(3), 18-29.
Chopra, A., Singh, A., Debnath, R., & Quttainah, M. A. (2024). Mapping corporate sustainability and firm performance research: A scientometric and bibliometric examination. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(7), 304-321.
Coelho, R., Jayantilal, S., & Ferreira, J. J. (2023). The impact of social responsibility on corporate financial performance: A systematic literature review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 30(4), 1535-1560.
Coston, A., Kawakami, A., Zhu, H., Holstein, K., & Heidari, H. (2023, February). A validity perspective on evaluating the justified use of data-driven decision-making algorithms. In 2023 IEEE conference on secure and trustworthy machine learning (SaTML) (pp. 690-704). IEEE.
Davis, D. F., & McCarthy-Byrne, T. M. (2022). Resource-advantage theory. In Handbook of Theories for Purchasing, Supply Chain and Management Research (pp. 140-152). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Duo-Duo, G. S. C. (2025). Corporate social responsibility cost and financial. Journal of Management Science and Career Development,14(14), 13-26.
Eling, M. (2024). Is the telecommunication industry sustainable?. The Journal of Risk Finance, 25(4), 684-703.
Elovainio, M., & Kivipelto, M. (2025). The structural validity and psychometric properties of the key measure. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 1-30.
Firmansyah, A. (2025). The concept of corporate social responsibility and social enterprise: The Pursuit of social responsibilities in business practise. Business and Human Rights Law & Policy, 1(1), 81-94.
Frederick, F. O. S. (2025). The impact of employee-oriented corporate social responsibility (ECSR) on employee performance: Evidence from the small and medium enterprise (SME) Sector in Kenya: Employee-oriented corporate social responsibility (ECSR) and employee performance. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 1(2), 1-40.
Gachigo, J. (2024a). Effect of excise duty tax on the financial performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(9), 129-147.
Gachigo, J. (2024b). Effect of value added tax on the financial performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(9), 164-180.
Gamage, A. N. (2025). Research design, philosophy, and quantitative approaches in scientific research methodology. Sch J Eng Tech, 2, 91-103.
Gitonga, G. M., Kariuki, P., & Kimani, E. (2023). Product development strategies and competitive advantage of the telecommunication firms in Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(1), 22-34.
Gitonga, G. M., Kariuki, P., & Kimani, E. (2025). Market penetration strategies and competitive advantage of the telecommunication firms in Kenya. International Journal of Strategic Management, 4(1), 1-26.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (p. 197). Springer Nature.
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027.
Han, H., Baah, N. G., Kim, S., Chi, X., & Jung, I. (2025). Environmentally responsible behaviors in hospitality and tourism service employees: an application of complexity theory. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 35(1), 114-137.
Hiebl, M. R. (2023). Sample selection in systematic literature reviews of management research. Organizational research methods, 26(2), 229-261.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360.
Kalhotra, S. K., & Singh, N. (2025). Research methodology. Addition Publishing House.
Kimathi, T. W. (2024). Leadership, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability in airlines: Case study for Kenya Airways (Doctoral dissertation, Selinus University).
Koetsenruijter, J., & Wensing, M. (2023). Survey methods in health services research. In Foundations of Health Services Research: Principles, Methods, and Topics (pp. 99-110). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Le, T. T., Nguyen Ngoc, B., Tran Ho Phuong, K., Luong Hoang, M., Phan Kim, N., & Le Thi Cam, L. (2025). Driving corporate social responsibility, organizational learning and financial performance on sustainable corporate performance in family enterprises. Journal of Asia Business Studies, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2024-0145
Liu, Y., Dai, W., Liao, M., & Wei, J. (2021). Social status and corporate social responsibility: Evidence from Chinese privately owned firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 169, 651-672.
Martins, I., Amram, A., & Heman, O. U. (2025). Dynamics of corporate social responsibility and firm performance, study of telecommunication industry in Nigeria. BW Academic Journal, 15(1), 15-24.
Martins, I., Taiwo, O. J., & Perpetual, E. O. (2024). Corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable competitive advantage: Advancing beyond resource control. BW Academic Journal,10(4), 136-145.
May, T., & Perry, B. (2022). Social research: Issues, methods and process. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Mbakpenev, T. J., Nwala, M. N., & Andah, R. A. (2025). Effect of sustainability reporting on financial performance of listed telecommunications companies in Nigeria. UMM Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 5(1), 1-21.
Mutheu, M. N. (2023). Strategic innovations and organisational performance of telecommunication mobile network operators in Machakos County Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Mutheu, M. N., & Mwasiaji, E. (2023). Strategic innovations and telecommunication mobile network operators in Machakos County, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Information Systems and Technology, 2(1), 321-341.
Narayanan, S., Ab Rahim, H., Haque, R., bin S Senathirajah, A. R., & bin Omar Din, F. M. (2023). Empirical study on the effects of corporate social responsibility on organizational performance in the manufacturing sector: A case study on Nigeria: Flour Mills Nigeria Plc. Social Science Journal, 13(2), 1247-1265.
Ngugi, D. W., & Murugi, E. (2022). Competitive strategies and performance of telecommunication firms in Kenya. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 4(1), 226-251.
Nguyen, L. T. P., Aleenajitpong, N., & Boon-itt, S. (2025). Emerging trends of environmental accounting research: a science mapping approach. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 21(2), 214-249.
Njoroge, G. W. (2024). Digital capabilities and performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Njoroge, G. W., & Kyalo, J. (2023). An investigation of digital capabilities and performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 10(4), 829-850.
Oduro, S., Umar, R. M., De Massis, A., & Haylemariam, L. G. (2025). Corporate social responsibility and family firm performance: A meta‐analytic review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 32(2), 1412-1443.
Ogbor, J. O. Bello, A. & Idenedo, O. W. (2023). Beyond resource control: corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, ethics, and sustainable competitive advantage. International Journal of Business Systems and Economics, 13(3), 17-39.
Penrose, E. T. (2009). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford university press.
Penrose, L. S. (1959). Self-reproducing machines. Scientific American, 200(6), 105-117.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Rahman, S. R., Rahman, M. M., & Yeo, Z. S. (2024). Reliability and validation of the malay version of the gender equitable men scale questionnaire. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC), 27(1), 88-95.
Salim, S., Wibisono, R. D., & Wan, A. (2025). Environmental responsibility in the hospitality sector: A 2000–2024 Bibliometric Analysis. OPSearch: American Journal of Open Research, 4(2), 1-17.
Saunders, M. N., & Darabi, F. (2024). Using multi-and mixed methods research designs. In Field Guide to Researching Employment and Industrial Relations (pp. 71-87). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997a). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997a). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997b). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Knowledge and Strategy, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997b). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Knowledge and Strategy, 18(7), 509-533.
Utami, H., & Alamanos, E. (2022). Resource-based theory. Resource-based theory. A review. Water Act, 2016, 1-26.
Varadarajan, R. (2023). Resource advantage theory, resource based theory, and theory of multimarket competition: Does multimarket rivalry restrain firms from leveraging resource advantages?. Journal of Business Research, 160, 113713.
Wambu, J. N., & Wamwayi, S. (2025). Strategic management process and performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. International Journal of Management and Business Research, 7(1), 348-363.
Yan, X., Espinosa-Cristia, J. F., Kumari, K., & Cioca, L. I. (2022). Relationship between corporate social responsibility, organizational trust, and corporate reputation for sustainable performance. Sustainability, 14(14), 8737.
Zakariyanezhad, Z., Mehrara, A., & Deiri, E. (2025). Identification of key drivers of social responsibility based on employee health and well-being. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 6(2), 82-91.